Indian golden oriole
Indian golden oriole | |
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Adult male (above), female (below) | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Order: | Passeriformes |
Family: | Oriolidae |
Genus: | Oriolus |
Species: | O. kundoo
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Binomial name | |
Oriolus kundoo Sykes, 1832
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Approximate distribution | |
Synonyms | |
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The Indian golden oriole (Oriolus kundoo) is a species of oriole found in the Indian subcontinent and Central Asia. The species was formerly considered to be a subspecies of the Eurasian golden oriole, but is now considered a full species. Adults can be told apart from the Eurasian golden oriole by the black of the eye stripe extending behind the eye.
Taxonomy and systematics
The Indian golden oriole was
Description
The Indian golden oriole is very similar to the Eurasian golden oriole but has more yellow in the tail and has a paler shade of red in the iris and bill. The male has the black eye stripe extending behind the eye, a large carpal patch on the wing and wide yellow tips to the secondaries and tertiaries. The streaks on the underside of females is more sharp than in the females of the Eurasian golden oriole.[4][5][9] The European species is larger with a wing length of 149–162 mm in adult males compared to 136–144 mm in O. kundoo. The wing formula is also different with primary 2 longer than 5 in O. oriolus while primary 5 is longer than 2 in O. kundoo.
Distribution and habitat
This oriole breeds from
The Indian golden oriole inhabits a range of habitats including open deciduous forests, semi-evergreen forests, woodland, forest edge, mangroves, open country with scattered trees, parks, gardens orchards and plantations.[10]
Behaviour and ecology
The Indian golden oriole's flight is dipping but strong and has been recorded to reach about 40 km/h (25 mph). It sometimes bathes by repeatedly flying into a small pool of water. An individual ringed in Gujarat was recovered in Tajikistan more than nine years later.[11][12]
Breeding
The Indian golden oriole is a partial migrant. It breeds in central Asia and the Indian subcontinent. The Indian populations are largely resident while the other populations are migratory.[10] The breeding season is April to August, the nest being a small cup placed in a fork near the end of a branch. Nests are often built in the vicinity of the nest of a black drongo.[4] Two or three white eggs with reddish, brown and black speckling form the typical clutch. Both parents take part in nest and brood care, defending the nest against intruding birds such as shikras and crows.[11]
Food and feeding
Orioles feed on fruits, nectar and insects.
Threats
A protozoal blood parasite, Haemoproteus orioli, described from this species has been suggested to occur in many oriole species[15] but may represent different lineages.[16]
References
- . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ Sykes, William Henry (1832). "60. Oriolus kundoo". Proceedings of the Committee of Science and Correspondence of the Zoological Society of London (2): 87.
- ^ Mayr, Ernst; Greenway, James C. Jr, eds. (1962). Check-list of birds of the world. Vol. 15. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 127.
- ^ ISBN 978-84-87334-66-5.
- ^ .
- ^ Lepage, Denis. "Indian Golden-Oriole Oriolus kundoo Sykes, 1832". Avibase. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
- hdl:2246/3645.
- ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2017). "Orioles, drongos & fantails". World Bird List Version 7.3. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
- S2CID 35008333.
- ^ ISBN 978-84-96553-45-3.
- ^ a b Ali, S.; Ripley, S.D. (1987). Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan. Vol. Volume 5 (Second ed.). New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 102–104.
- ^ Ambedkar, V.C. (1986). "Recovery of an Indian Golden Oriole (Oriolus oriolus kundoo) in the U.S.S.R." Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 83 (Supplement): 211–212.
- ^ Ali, S. (1936). "Economic ornithology in India" (PDF). Current Science. 4: 472–478.
- ^ Balachandran, S. (1998). "Golden oriole Oriolus oriolus preying on flying lizard Draco dussumieri Dum. & Bibr". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 95 (1): 115.
- .
- S2CID 19153477.