Madhya Pradesh

The Satavahana King Gautamiputra Satakarni inflicted a crushing defeat upon the Saka rulers and conquered parts of Malwa and Gujarat in the 2nd century CE.^[18]

Subsequently, the region was

• 
  Mesolithic rock painting, Bhimbetka rock shelters, a UNESCO World Heritage Site
• 
  Khajuraho
• 
  Bateshwar temple complex, Padavli, Morena
• 
  Chausath Yogini Temple, Mitavli, Morena
• 
  Sahasra Bahu Temples, Gwalior Fort
• 
  Teli ka Mandir, Gwalior Fort
• 
  Shiva Temple in Bhojpur
• 
  Lakshmi Temple, Orchha
• 
  Brahma statue with various deities at Amarkantak.
• 
  Gwalior Fort, Gwalior
• 
  Gwalior Fort
• 
  Maa Chamunda Mata Temple, Tekri Dewas
• 
  Mahakaleshwar Temple Ujjain
• 
  Maheshwar Ghats and Fort, Maheshwar, Khargone
• 
  Omkareshwar Temple, Khandwa

Geography

Location in India

Madhya Pradesh literally means "Central Province", and is located in the geographic heart of India in between the latitude of 21.6°N–26.30°N and longitude of 74°9'E–82°48'E. The state straddles the Narmada River, which runs east and west between the Vindhya and Satpura ranges; these ranges and the Narmada are the traditional boundaries between the north and south of India. The highest point in Madhya Pradesh is Dhupgarh, with an elevation of 1,350 m (4,429 ft).^[25]

The state is bordered on the west by Gujarat, on the northwest by Rajasthan, on the northeast by Uttar Pradesh, on the east by Chhattisgarh, and on the south by Maharashtra.

Climate

Madhya Pradesh also has three major seasons – Summer, Monsoon, and Winter. During summer (March–June), the temperature in the entire state ranges above 34.6 it has increased as it is all-time high in Madhya Pradesh. In general, the eastern parts of Madhya Pradesh are hotter than the western parts. The regions like Gwalior, Morena and Datia record temperatures of over 42 °C in May. The humidity is relatively very low and the region usually experiences frequent mild dust storms. The southwest Monsoon usually breaks out in mid-June and the entire state receives a major share of its rainfall between June and September. The south and south-east regions tend to experience a higher rainfall whereas the parts of the north-west receive less. Mandla, Balaghat, Sidhi, Jabalpur, and other extreme eastern parts receive more than 150 cm of rainfall. The districts of western Madhya Pradesh receive less than 80 cm of rainfall.^[26]

The winter season starts in November. The temperature remains low in the northern parts of the state in comparison to the southern parts. The daily maximum temperature in most of the northern part of January remains between 15 and 18 °C. The climate is generally dry and pleasant with a clear sky. The average rainfall is about 1,194 mm (47.0 in). The southeastern districts have the heaviest rainfall, some places receiving as much as 2,150 mm (84.6 in), while the western and northwestern districts receive 1,000 mm (39.4 in) or less.

Ecology

According to the 2011 figures, the recorded forest area of the state is 94,689 km² (36,560 sq mi) constituting 30.7% of the geographical area of the state.

• Black soil, most predominantly in the Malwa region, Mahakoshal and in southern Bundelkhand
• Red and yellow soil, in the
  Baghelkhand
  region
• Alluvial soil, in Northern Madhya Pradesh
• Laterite soil, in highland areas
• Mixed soil, in parts of the
  Chambal
  divisions

Flora and fauna

Madhya Pradesh is home to ten

• 
  Langur monkey (Semnopithecus dussumieri), Orchha
• 
  Tigress with cubs in Kanha Tiger Reserve
• 
  Tickell's blue flycatcher, Bandhavgarh National Park
• 
  Vultures in the nest, Orchha
• 
  Male nilgais fighting, Lakeshwari, Gwalior district

Kanha, Bandhavgarh, Pench, Panna, and Satpura National Parks are managed as

Based on composition, the

State symbols of Madhya Pradesh

Title	Symbol	Image
State animal	Barasingha[31][32] (Rucervus duvaucelii)
State bird	Indian paradise flycatcher (Terpsiphone paradisi)[33]
State tree	banyan tree (ficus bengalensis)[34]
State fish	Mahasheer (Tor tor)[33]
State Flower	Madonna lily (Lilium candidum)[35]

Rivers

• 
  Narmada River
• 
  Son River, Umaria district, MP, India
• 
  The River Narmada flows through a gorge of marble rocks in Bhedaghat, Jabalpur
• 
  The Shri Ram Ghat on the Shipra River in Ujjain
• 
  Betwa in the Ashoknagar District of Madhya Pradesh

The

After the formation of Chhattisgarh State, the major portion of Mahanadi basin now lies in Chhattisgarh. Presently, only 154 km² basin area of Hasdeo River in Anuppur District lies in Madhya Pradesh.

The

Administration

Madhya Pradesh is divided into 55 districts for administrative purposes. The district is the main unit of administration. These districts are arranged in 10 divisions, listed below:^[36]

Cities

Largest cities or towns in Madhya Pradesh As of the 2011 Census[37]
	Rank	Name	District	Pop.
Indore Bhopal	1	Indore	Indore	2,167,447	Jabalpur Gwalior
	2	Bhopal	Bhopal	1,883,381
	3	Jabalpur	Jabalpur	1,267,564
	4	Gwalior	Gwalior	1,101,981
	5	Ujjain	Ujjain	593,368
	6	Sagar	Sagar	370,296
	7	Dewas	Dewas	289,438
	8	Satna	Satna	283,004
	9	Ratlam	Ratlam	273,892
	10	Rewa	Rewa	235,422

Demographics

Population

The population of Madhya Pradesh consists of a number of

• 
  Children in Raisen district, Bhil tribe
• 
  Shepherds in Chambal
• 
  A young farmer in Umaria district
• 
  Young

  Baiga

  women

Languages

The official language of the state is Hindi, which is spoken by over two-thirds of the population and is used for all government business.^[4] In urban areas Standard Hindi is the main language, while Urdu is spoken by Muslims. In rural areas, however, most speak varieties counted as dialects of Hindi in the census, although most are quite distinct. In the west are Malvi and Nimadi in the Malwa and Nimar regions, which are more closely related to the Rajasthani languages. In Bundelkhand in the north and Baghelkhand in the east are spoken Bundeli and Bagheli which are eastern varieties of the Hindi languages, similar to Awadhi or Chhattisgarhi. In the southeast is spoken Chhattisgarhi and Powari is the language of the far south, both Eastern Hindi languages. Most speakers of these languages consider them to be dialects of Hindi and so report their language as 'Hindi' on the census.^[43]

Marathi is another significant language. Due to Maratha rule over much of what is now Madhya Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh is home to the largest number of Marathis outside Maharashtra. Although large numbers of Marathis can be found in urban centres like Indore, the highest concentrations are in the southern areas of the state adjoining Maharashtra. Marathi is the most-spoken language in Burhanpur district, while it is a major minority language in the southern parts of Mahakoshal especially Betul, Chhindwara and Balaghat districts.^[43]

There are several languages spoken by the Adivasis. The various Bhil languages are Indo-Aryan languages spoken by 50 lakh Bhils of western Madhya Pradesh. Although many, especially in the eastern parts of their range, have adopted the regional languages as mother tongue, the languages are still strong in the far-western hills especially Barwani, Jhabua and Alirajpur districts where they are in the majority. Bhili, the Bareli languages and Bhilali are the major varieties spoken in the state.

Korku, a Munda language, has over 400,000 speakers in the central highlands of the state. In the far-southeast of Burhanpur can be found some speakers of the language isolate Nihali who live among the Korku. All speakers of tribal languages face significant pressure to switch to the dominant regional languages while their own tongues are considered 'backward' and 'rural'.^[43]

The following languages are taught in schools in Madhya Pradesh under the Three Language Formula:^[44]

First language: Any

Second language: Hindi, Urdu or English

Third language: Another Scheduled Language, Arabic, Persian, French, Russian

Religion

Hinduism is the main religion and is followed by 90.9% of the population.

According to the census of 2011, 90.9% of residents followed

• 
  Bagh Print Traditional hand block print craft in Bagh

  .
• 
  A man playing flute in

  tilak

  on his forehead, and holy saffron-coloured clothes.
• 
  Sand sculpture by

  Sudarshan Pattnaik

  at Bandrabhan near Narmadapuram

Three sites in Madhya Pradesh have been declared

Madhya Pradesh's

Madhya Pradesh has 5

The Industrial Belts of Indore-Dewas-Pithampur and Mandideep (Bhopal) are the prominent Industrial Hubs of Madhya Pradesh. Numerous industrial units and factories are present there such as Mechanical and Industrial Parts (gears, cables), Chemical Production Units, Pharmaceutical Units, Food Processing & FMCG Industries, Textile Production, Food Grain Processing Units, Leather Industry and Sanitary Products etc.

The state has the largest reserves of diamond and copper in India. Other major mineral reserves include those of coal, coalbed methane, manganese and dolomite.^[52]

Madhya Pradesh has six

The second unit is a Security Paper Mill was established in 1968 at Hoshangabad. It produces papers for banknotes and non–judicial stamps and further prints with new enhanced unit.

Madhya Pradesh won the 10th National Award for excellent work in Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005.

The state's tourism industry is growing, fuelled by wildlife tourism and a number of places of historical and religious significance.

The state has a total installed power generation capacity of 27108.55 MW as of 31 March 2024. The Madhya Pradesh Electric Board is located at Jabalpur. The Rewa Ultra Mega Solar project is a photovoltaic solar park spread over an area of 1,590 acres (6.4 km²) in the Gurh tehsil of Rewa District of Madhya Pradesh.^[54] The project was commissioned with 750 MW capacity.^[55] 97% households have electricity access in the state.^[56]

The Singrauli region on the eastern end of Madhya Pradesh is a major energy producer enclave for the country. The region has vast reserves of coal mines, which are excavated by Northern Coalfields Limited, a subsidiary of Coal India Limited, which is in turn used in local power plants of NTPC, Sasan Power and Hindalco. The area has more than 10,000 MW installed capacity for energy production.

The region of Malwa were selected to establish Wind Energy Production units by State Government. Constant wind flows in the region are suitable for harvesting wind energy. There are more than 100 wind mills on a series of hills 13 km (8.1 mi) from Dewas, generating more than 30 megawatts of power. These were financed by a few private companies which sought a reliable power supply.

Transport

Bus and train services cover most of Madhya Pradesh. The 99,043-kilometre-long (61,542 mi) road network of the state includes 20

The state does not have a coastline. Most of the sea trade happens through the Kandla and Jawaharlal Nehru Port (Nhava Sheva) in the neighbouring states, which are well-connected to MP by road and rail networks.

The state has 55 districts hospitals, 333 community health centres, 1,155 primary health centres and 8,860 sub-centres.[58]^[59]

The urban infrastructure has improved considerably in the past decade. 22 projects costing above $500 million have been sanctioned under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission for the development of Bhopal, Indore, Jabalpur and Ujjain.^[52]

Seven Cities of Madhya Pradesh Bhopal, Indore, Gwalior, Jabalpur, Satna, Ujjain, and Sagar have been selected under Smart cities mission^[60][61]

Indore has been part of the Swachh Survekshan Cleanliness Program initiated by Government of India. It has been ranked as India's cleanest city six years in a row as per the Swachh Survekshan for the years 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2022.

Media

Dainik Bhaskar, Dainik Jagran, The Indian Observer, Nava Bharat, Deshbandhu, Nai Duniya, Rajasthan Patrika, Raj Express and Dainik Dabang Dunia are the leading Hindi newspapers. Other local newspapers are published in the cities. In English Times of India, Hindustan Times, The Hitavada, Central Chronicle and Free Press have editions from Bhopal with The Hitavada also being in Jabalpur. A Sindhi daily, i.e., Challenge (Now also in Hindi) is published from Bhopal is the only Sindhi newspaper in state.

Government and politics

Madhya Pradesh has a 230-seat state legislative assembly. The state also sends 40 members to the

The dominant political parties in the state are the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and the Indian National Congress (INC).

Administration

Madhya Pradesh state is made up of 55

• Dhekal Badi

Education

• 
  Rajiv Gandhi Technical University

  's main gate
• 
  IIM Indore's aerial panoramic view
• 
  St. Aloysius Senior Secondary School, Jabalpur, established in the year 1868 is among the oldest schools in India

According to the 2011 census, Madhya Pradesh had a literacy rate of 69.32%. According to the 2009–10 figures, the state had 105,592 primary schools, 6,352 high schools, and 5,161 higher secondary schools. The state has 208 engineering and architecture colleges, 208 management institutes, and 12 medical colleges.^[52]

The state is home to some of the premier educational and research institutions of India including

There are 500 degree colleges, which are affiliated with one of the universities in the state. The specialised universities include

Notable people

Sports

In 2013, state govt declared Mallakhamba as the state sport.^[74]

Snooker, a cue sport, generally regarded as having been invented in Jabalpur by British Army officers, is popular in many of the English-speaking and Commonwealth countries, with top professional players attaining multimillion-pound career earnings from the game.

Cricket is the most popular sport in Madhya Pradesh.^[

Aishbagh Stadium in Bhopal is the home ground for World Series Hockey team Bhopal Badshahs. The state also has a football team that participates in the Santosh Trophy.

2nd Division I-League

.

On 6 December 2017, the Madhya Pradesh

Chief Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan

announced that players from the state would be given government jobs on winning medals in international events.

Madhu Yadav, the former Captain of the India women's national field hockey team, a 1982 Asian Games gold medallist and an Arjuna Award recipient, is from Jabalpur.^[76]

See also

• Outline of Madhya Pradesh
• Directorate Sports and Youth Welfare
• Districts of Madhya Pradesh
• List of forts in Madhya Pradesh
• List of people from Madhya Pradesh

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Further reading

• Gyanendra Singh. Farm Mechanization in Madhya Pradesh. Bhopal: Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, 2000.
• Madhya Pradesh (India). The Madhya Pradesh Human Development Report 2002: Using the Power of Democracy for Development. [Bhopal: Govt. of Madhya Pradesh, 2002].
• Nehru Memorial Museum and Library
  , New Delhi.
• Rag, Pankaj. Vintage, Madhya Pradesh: A Collection of Old Photographs. Bhopal: Madhya Pradesh Madhyam jointly with the Directorate of Archaeology, Archives, and Museums, 2005.
  ISBN 81-902702-7-3
• Parmar, Shyam. Folk Tales of Madhya Pradesh. Folk tales of India series, 12". New Delhi: Sterling Publishers, 1973.
• Rag, Pankaj, and O. P. Misra. Masterpieces of Madhya Pradesh. Bhopal: Directorate of Archaeology, Archives & Museums, Government of Madhya Pradesh, 2005.
• Sampath, M. D., H. V. Trivedi, and Mandan Trivedi. Epigraphs of Madhya Pradesh. New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India, 2001.
• Sati, Vishwambhar Prasad. Madhya Pradesh, a Geo-Economic Appraisal. Delhi: Abhijeet, 2004.
  ISBN 81-88683-43-4
• Shah, Shampa, and Aashi Manohar. Tribal Arts and Crafts of Madhya Pradesh. Living traditions of India. Ahmedabad: Mapin Pub./in Association with Vanya Prakashan, Bhopal, 1996.
  ISBN 0-944142-71-0

External links

Wikiquote has quotations related to Madhya Pradesh.

Government

• Official website

General information

• Madhya Pradesh web resources provided by GovPubs at the
  University of Colorado Boulder Libraries
• Madhya Pradesh at the Encyclopædia Britannica
• Madhya Pradesh at
  Curlie
• Wikimedia Atlas of Madhya Pradesh
• Geographic data related to Madhya Pradesh at OpenStreetMap