Indiana Limestone

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Indiana limestone being quarried in the early 20th century.

Indiana limestone (also known as Bedford limestone) is a form of limestone used as a building material, particularly for monumental public structures. Some 35 of the 50 state capitol buildings in the United States are made of Indiana limestone,[1] as are the Empire State Building, Biltmore Estate, and National Cathedral in Washington, D.C..

Indiana limestone is a more common term for Salem Limestone, a geological formation primarily quarried in south central Indiana, USA, between the cities of Bloomington and Bedford. It has been called the best quarried limestone in the United States.

Indiana limestone, like all limestone, is a rock primarily formed of

Mississippian
Period.

History

Indiana limestone loaded on freight trains in Bedford, Indiana.

settlers used this rock around their windows and doors and for memorials around the towns. The first quarry was started in 1827, and by 1929 Hoosier
quarries yielded 12,000,000 ft3 (340,000 cubic meters) of usable stone. The expansion of the railroads brought great need for limestone to build bridges and tunnels and Indiana was the place to get it.

Arab Oil Embargo of 1973, the price of alternative building materials skyrocketed so Indiana limestone reemerged as an energy-efficient building material.[3]

Use in notable buildings

Local

St. Augustine's Episcopal Church, in Gary, Indiana, uses Indiana limestone in the interior. The Saint Sava Serbian Orthodox Church in Merrillville, Indiana
, consecrated in 1991 and awarded a Gold Medal Award for Excellence in Masonry Design, uses Indiana limestone on its exterior facade.

National

Nationally, Indiana limestone has long been part of a

high-end
market. It has mostly been used on the exteriors of homes and commercial and government buildings.

A large clock and stone sculptural group adorning the building's facade
Glory of Commerce, a celebrated sculptural group atop the façade of New York's Grand Central Terminal, is made of Indiana Limestone.

Many prominent public buildings in the United States — such as the

Jules-Félix Coutan, it includes representations of Minerva, Hercules, and Mercury and, at its unveiling in 1914, was considered the largest sculptural group in the world.[4][5]
)

The original 1930s buildings of Rockefeller Center use limestone from Bedford. In 1955 the Tennessee State Capitol exterior was renovated using Indiana limestone to replace the poorer-quality Tennessee limestone that had started to deteriorate. Some 15,000 cubic feet of Indiana limestone was used in the rebuilding of the Pentagon after the terrorist attack of Sept. 11, 2001.[6] The new Yankee Stadium in the Bronx, which opened in 2009, extensively uses Indiana limestone paneling on its exterior facade.

Indiana limestone has been particularly popular for the construction of

Neo-Gothic campus of the University of Chicago is almost entirely constructed out of Indiana limestone; in keeping with the trend of post-Fire buildings using the material. The campus of Washington University in St. Louis – both for new construction and original buildings – makes use of Indiana limestone in its collegiate gothic architecture.[7] Many buildings on the north side of Michigan State University use Indiana limestone. The Cathedral of Learning, a 42-story neo-gothic skyscraper that is the largest educational building in the Western Hemisphere, along with other nearby buildings of the University of Pittsburgh, are clad in Indiana limestone. The St. Anthony Society Chapter House at Yale University also is built of Indiana limestone.[8] Many of the gargoyles on the buildings of Princeton University were carved from Indiana limestone, including "Flute Player", located on the exterior of Firestone Library.[9] Both structures of the Kenosha County Courthouse and Jail in Kenosha, Wisconsin, were built out of the limestone. This stone was used as far north as the Hotel Macdonald in Edmonton. The Nebraska State Capitol is clad in Indiana Limestone, after native limestone was deemed too prone to weathering.[10]

Because of the awareness of acid rain, which wears Indiana Limestone relatively quickly, the stone is not as often used in monuments today as it was in the 19th and early 20th centuries.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Lawrence County Limestone History". Lawrence County, Indiana. Archived from the original on 2006-10-30. Retrieved 2007-09-11.
  2. ^ "Indiana State River and Indiana State Stone". Archived from the original on 2007-12-18. Retrieved 2007-11-24.
  3. ^ "History of Indiana Limestone". Retrieved 2007-07-11.
  4. ISBN 978-1-4555-2595-9
    .
  5. ISBN 978-1-4396-6051-5
    .
  6. ^ "Pentagon". Bybee Stone Company. Retrieved 19 January 2017.
  7. ^ "Washington University". Bybee Stone Company. Retrieved 19 January 2017.
  8. ^ "VANDERBILT GIFT TO 'SHEFF'; Frederick W. to Build..." (PDF). The New York Times. 1913-07-09.
  9. ^ Cantor, Laurel Masten (1994). The Gargoyles of Princeton University. Princeton: Princeton University, Office of Communications/Publications.
  10. ^ "History of the Nebraska Capitol Building".

Further reading

  • Patton, J.B. and Carr, D.D. (1982), "The Salem Limestone in the Indiana Building-Stone District"; Ind. Dept. of Nat. Res. Geol Surv. Occasional Paper 38, 31 p.

External links

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