Indrapura (Champa)

Coordinates: 15°40′01″N 108°22′59″E / 15.66694°N 108.38306°E / 15.66694; 108.38306
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Indrapura
ឦន្ទ្រពុរ
The ruins of Đồng Dương Monastery
TypeFormer capital of Champa
LocationQuảng Nam province, Central Vietnam
Coordinates15°40′01″N 108°22′59″E / 15.66694°N 108.38306°E / 15.66694; 108.38306
Founded875
FounderIndravarman II
Demolished1471, 1969
Indrapura (Champa) is located in Vietnam
Indrapura (Champa)
Location of Indrapura in Vietnam

Indrapura was the capital city of the kingdom of

Rig Veda
.

Nomenclature

The name "Indrapura" (the modern toponym is "Đồng Dương") was translated in Chinese and Vietnamese sources as Fóshì/Phật Thệ (Chinese: 佛逝) or Fóshìchéng (Chinese: 佛逝城, lit. 'the City of Indra' or 'the city of Buddha').[6] Previous generations of scholars had posited that "Fóshì" was a transcription of Vijaya (Chinese: 尸唎皮奈; pinyin: Shīlì Pínài; Vietnamese: Thị Lợi Bi Nai; alternate: Chà Bàn).[7]

History

Influence of Mahayana Buddhism

Danang
.

The city was built around 875 CE by

Java Island around 911–912.[9]

Buddhist temples extended as far north as Quảng Bình and across northern Champa. This led the 13th century Vietnamese king Trần Nhân Tông, a Buddhist devotee, to travel to Champa for nine months during which he visited Buddhist sacred sites.[10]

End and destruction

Đồng Dương and its stupa. Photo taken in 1902.

The rise of two neighboring powers,

Cham–Vietnamese War (982), killing the Cham king Paramesvaravarman I. His successor retreated 700 li (300 km/186 mi) to the city of Indrapura.[11]

In 983, a Vietnamese named

Hainan Island. In 988, the new king of Champa, Harivarman II, who was referred to in Chinese sources (in the Song Shi and SHYJG) as Yángtuópái (楊陀排), sent an envoy to the Song dynasty. The Song Shi reports that a Cham envoy in 1007 reported that "my country was formerly subject to Jiaozhou, then we fled to Foshi [Indrapura], 700 li south of our former location." The Vietnamese chronicle Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục relates that Huế
was once in Cham territory, or had been belonged to the Principality of Foshi [Indrapura].

There was no proof that yāï po ku vijaya śrī Harivarman (r. 989–997), who was elected by the Cham to overthrow Lưu Kế Tông, had ever moved the capital south to Bình Ðịnh.[13] These historical accounts could be seen as evidence that a Vietnamese attack in 982 not on Indrapura, but on a city ruled by a minor king from the same Indrapura dynasty in modern-day Quảng Bình. Early scholarship misinterpretation had failed to recognize the fact that 'Foshi' in both Chinese and Vietnamese sources was indeed Indrapura, not Vijaya. Michael Vickery suggests it was likely an ostensibly endeavor of colonial-era scholars to link Chinese eponym Foshi with Southeast Asian Vijaya to solder the existence of the posited Srivijaya empire (rediscovered in 1911) which located in modern-day Indonesia.[14]

The possession of Champa power was then transferred to the hand to

Binh Dinh by the 12th century.[15]

Dong Duong and

My Son were struck by USAF carpet bombs in August 1969, leaving both historic sites in ruins of bricks.[16]

Archaeology

Đồng Dương before its destruction during the Vietnam War
Crumbling ruins of the Monastery in 2011

Đồng Dương and surrounding sites during the height of the war were hotspots of the NLF (Vietcong) activities and bunkers. After the war as Champa sites throughout South Vietnam had received massive destructions, research on Champa resumed in the late 1980s and 1990s. In recent decades, Indrapura/Đồng Dương has been re-excavated, revealing new insights about the city during its magnificence.[17]

Modern-day vestiges of Indrapura/Đồng Dương are barely recognizable: eroded citadel; the royal palace area; watch towers; ruins of the Monastery; paved roads, bridges, and sewer system. It was a highly organized, well-urbanized city. Except for the remaining temples and shrines, most buildings in medieval Indrapura might have been constructed with wooden materials such as logs or bamboo.[17]

See also

Notes

  1. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1
    .
  2. ^ O'Reilly, 2006 p.139
  3. ISBN 978-9-747-53499-3
    .
  4. ^ Vickery, Michael Theodore (2005). Champa revised. University of London. p. 56.
  5. ISBN 978-9-747-53499-3
    .
  6. ^ Vickery, Michael Theodore (2005). Champa revised. Asia Research Institute, Singapore. p. 37.
  7. ^ Vickery, Michael Theodore (2005). Champa revised. Asia Research Institute, Singapore. pp. 42–44.
  8. ISBN 978-9-9716-9451-7
    .
  9. ISBN 978-9-9716-9451-7
    .
  10. ^ Vickery, Michael Theodore (2005). Champa revised. Asia Research Institute, Singapore. p. 76.
  11. ^ Vickery, Michael Theodore (2005). Champa revised. Asia Research Institute, Singapore. p. 45.
  12. History of Song, vol. 489
  13. ^ Vickery, Michael Theodore (2005). Champa revised. Asia Research Institute, Singapore. p. 48.
  14. ^ Vickery, Michael Theodore (2005). Champa revised. Asia Research Institute, Singapore. p. 46.
  15. ^ Ngo, Noseworthy & Quang 2021, p. 3.
  16. ^ Southworth, William Aelred (2001). The Origins of Campā in Central Vietnam: A Preliminary Review · Volume 1. University of London. p. 62.
  17. ^
    doi:10.37534/bp.jhssr.2021.v3.n1.id1101.p141
    .

References
  • Ngô Văn Doanh (2006). Chămpa ancient towers: reality & legend. Hanoi: The Gioi Publishers.

External links
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