Vietnam
Socialist Republic of Vietnam Cộng hòa Xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam (Vietnamese) | ||
---|---|---|
Motto: Độc lập – Tự do – Hạnh phúc "Independence – Freedom – Happiness" | ||
Anthem: | ||
Religion (2019) |
| |
Demonym(s) | Vietnamese Viet (colloquial) | |
Government | Unitary Marxism–Leninism one-party socialist republic[5] | |
Nguyễn Phú Trọng | ||
Võ Văn Thưởng | ||
Phạm Minh Chính | ||
Vương Đình Huệ | ||
Legislature | Declaration of Independence | 2 September 1945 |
21 July 1954 | ||
30 April 1975 | ||
2 July 1976 | ||
• Đổi Mới | 18 December 1986 | |
28 November 2013[b] | ||
Area | ||
• Total | 331,344.82[7][c] km2 (127,932.95 sq mi) (66th) | |
• Water (%) | 6.38 | |
Population | ||
• 2023 estimate | 100,300,000[10][11] (15th) | |
• 2019 census | 96,208,984[2] | |
• Density | 298/km2 (771.8/sq mi) (49th) | |
GDP (PPP) | 2023 estimate | |
• Total | $1.434 trillion[12] (26th) | |
• Per capita | $14,285[12] (106th) | |
GDP (nominal) | 2023 estimate | |
• Total | $433.356 billion[12] (35th) | |
• Per capita | $4,316[12] (119th) | |
Gini (2018) | 35.7[13] medium | |
HDI (2022) | 0.726[14] high (107th) | |
Currency | Vietnamese đồng (₫) (VND) | |
Time zone | UTC+07:00 (Vietnam Standard Time) | |
Driving side | right | |
Calling code | +84 | |
ISO 3166 code | VN | |
Internet TLD | .vn |
Vietnam,[d][e] officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV),[f] is a country at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of about 331,000 square kilometres (128,000 sq mi) and a population of over 100 million, making it the world's fifteenth-most populous country. Vietnam shares land borders with China to the north, and Laos and Cambodia to the west. It shares maritime borders with Thailand through the Gulf of Thailand, and the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia through the South China Sea. Its capital is Hanoi and its largest city is Ho Chi Minh City (commonly referred to by its former name, Saigon).
Vietnam was inhabited by the Paleolithic age, with states established in the first millennium BC on the Red River Delta in modern-day northern Vietnam. The Han dynasty annexed Northern and Central Vietnam under Chinese rule from 111 BC, until the first dynasty emerged in 939. Successive monarchical dynasties absorbed Chinese influences through Confucianism and Buddhism, and expanded southward to the Mekong Delta, conquering Champa. During most of the 17th and 18th centuries, Vietnam was effectively divided into two domains of Đàng Trong and Đàng Ngoài. The Nguyễn—the last imperial dynasty—surrendered to France in 1883. In 1887, its territory was integrated into French Indochina as three separate regions. In the immediate aftermath of World War II, the nationalist coalition Viet Minh, led by the communist revolutionary Ho Chi Minh, launched the August Revolution and declared Vietnam's independence in 1945.
Vietnam went through prolonged warfare in the 20th century. After
Vietnam is a developing country with a lower-middle-income economy. It has high levels of corruption, censorship, environmental issues and a poor human rights record; the country ranks among the lowest in international measurements of civil liberties, freedom of the press, and freedom of religion and ethnic minorities. It is part of international and intergovernmental institutions including the ASEAN, the APEC, the CPTPP, the Non-Aligned Movement, the OIF, and the WTO. It has assumed a seat on the United Nations Security Council twice.
Etymology
The name Việt Nam (Vietnamese pronunciation:
The form Việt Nam (
History
Prehistory and early history
Archaeological excavations have revealed the existence of humans in what is now Vietnam as early as the
By about 1,000 BC, the development of wet-
Dynastic Vietnam
According to Vietnamese legends,
In AD 938, the Vietnamese lord
From the 16th century onward, civil strife and frequent political infighting engulfed much of Dai Viet. First, the Chinese-supported
French Indochina
In the 1500s, the
Between 1615 and 1753,
Between 1862 and 1867, the southern third of the country became the
During the colonial period, guerrillas of the royalist
A nationalist political movement soon emerged, with leaders like
The French maintained full control of their colonies until World War II, when the
First Indochina War
In 1941, the
In July 1945, the Allies had decided to divide Indochina at the 16th parallel to allow Chiang Kai-shek of the Republic of China to receive the Japanese surrender in the north while Britain's Lord Louis Mountbatten received their surrender in the south. The Allies agreed that Indochina still belonged to France.[113][114]
But as the French were weakened by the
The colonial administration was thereby ended and French Indochina was dissolved under the Geneva Accords of 21 July 1954 into three countries—Vietnam, and the kingdoms of
Vietnam War
From 1953 to 1956, the
In 1963, Buddhist discontent with Diệm's Catholic regime erupted into
The communists attacked South Vietnamese targets during the 1968
Reunification and reforms
On 2 July 1976, North and South Vietnam were merged to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
At the
In 2021, General Secretary of the Communist Party, Nguyen Phu Trong, was re-elected for his third term in office, meaning he is Vietnam's most powerful leader in decades.[175]
Geography
Vietnam is located on the eastern
Southern Vietnam is divided into coastal lowlands, the mountains of the
Climate
Due to differences in latitude and the marked variety in
Biodiversity
As the country is located within the
Vietnam is also home to 1,438 species of freshwater
In Vietnam, wildlife
The main environmental concern that persists in Vietnam today is the legacy of the use of the chemical
The Vietnamese government spends over
Apart from herbicide problems,
Government and politics
Vietnam is a
The general secretary of the CPV performs numerous key administrative functions, controlling the party's national organisation.[234] The prime minister is the head of government, presiding over a council of ministers composed of five deputy prime ministers and the heads of 26 ministries and commissions. Only political organisations affiliated with or endorsed by the CPV are permitted to contest elections in Vietnam. These include the Vietnamese Fatherland Front and worker and trade unionist parties.[234]
The
In 2023, a three-person collective leadership was responsible for governing Vietnam. President Vo Van Thuong (since 2023),[240] Prime Minister Pham Minh Chinh (since 2021)[241] and the most powerful leader Nguyen Phu Trong (since 2011) as the Communist Party of Vietnam’s General Secretary.[242]
Foreign relations
Throughout its history, Vietnam's main foreign relationship has been with various Chinese dynasties.
Vietnam's current foreign policy is to consistently implement a policy of independence, self-reliance, peace, co-operation, and development, as well openness, diversification,
Military
The
Human rights and sociopolitical issues
Under the current constitution, the CPV is the only party allowed to rule, the operation of all other political parties being outlawed. Other human rights issues concern
Administrative divisions
Vietnam is divided into 58 provinces (Vietnamese: Tỉnh, chữ Hán: 省).[275] There are also five municipalities (thành phố trực thuộc trung ương), which are administratively on the same level as provinces.
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Provinces are subdivided into provincial municipalities (thành phố trực thuộc tỉnh, 'city under province'), townships (thị xã) and counties (huyện), which are in turn subdivided into towns (thị trấn) or communes (xã).
Centrally controlled municipalities are subdivided into
Economy
Share of world GDP (PPP)[12] | |
---|---|
Year | Share |
1980 | 0.21% |
1990 | 0.28% |
2000 | 0.39% |
2010 | 0.52% |
2020 | 0.80% |
Throughout the history of Vietnam, its economy has been based largely on
In 1986, the
Deep
Based on findings by the
Agriculture
As a result of several
Seafood
The overall fisheries production of Vietnam from capture fisheries and aquaculture was 5.6 million MT in 2011 and 6.7 million MT in 2016. The output of Vietnam's fisheries sector has seen strong growth, which could be attributed to the continued expansion of the aquaculture sub-sector.[312]
Science and technology
In 2010, Vietnam's total state spending on science and technology amounted to roughly 0.45% of its GDP.
According to the
Tourism
Tourism is an important element of economic activity in the nation, contributing 7.5% of the total GDP. Vietnam hosted roughly 13 million tourists in 2017, an increase of 29.1% over the previous year, making it one of the fastest growing tourist destinations in the world. The vast majority of the tourists in the country, some 9.7 million, came from Asia; namely China (4 million), South Korea (2.6 million), and Japan (798,119).[326] Vietnam also attracts large numbers of visitors from Europe, with almost 1.9 million visitors in 2017; most European visitors came from Russia (574,164), followed by the United Kingdom (283,537), France (255,396), and Germany (199,872). Other significant international arrivals by nationality include the United States (614,117) and Australia (370,438).[326]
The most visited destinations in Vietnam are the largest city, Ho Chi Minh City, with over 5.8 million international arrivals, followed by Hanoi with 4.6 million and Hạ Long, including Hạ Long Bay with 4.4 million arrivals. All three are ranked in the top 100 most visited cities in the world.[327] Vietnam is home to eight UNESCO World Heritage Sites. In 2018, Travel + Leisure ranked Hội An as one of the world's top 15 best destinations to visit.[328]
Infrastructure
Transport
Much of Vietnam's modern transportation network can trace its roots to the French colonial era when it was used to facilitate the transportation of raw materials to its main ports. It was extensively expanded and modernised following the partition of Vietnam.[329] Vietnam's road system includes national roads administered at the central level, provincial roads managed at the provincial level, district roads managed at the district level, urban roads managed by cities and towns and commune roads managed at the commune level.[330] In 2010, Vietnam's road system had a total length of about 188,744 kilometres (117,280 mi) of which 93,535 kilometres (58,120 mi) are asphalt roads comprising national, provincial and district roads.[330] The length of the national road system is about 15,370 kilometres (9,550 mi) with 15,085 kilometres (9,373 mi) of its length paved. The provincial road system has around 27,976 kilometres (17,383 mi) of paved roads while 50,474 kilometres (31,363 mi) district roads are paved.[330]
Vietnam operates 20 major civil airports, including three international gateways:
Energy
Vietnam's energy sector is dominated largely by the state-controlled
Most of Vietnam's power is generated by either
The household gas sector in Vietnam is dominated by PetroVietnam, which controls nearly 70% of the country's domestic market for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).[351] Since 2011, the company also operates five renewable energy power plants including the Nhơn Trạch 2 Thermal Power Plant (750 MW), Phú Quý Wind Power Plant (6 MW), Hủa Na Hydro-power Plant (180 MW), Dakdrinh Hydro-power Plant (125 MW) and Vũng Áng 1 Thermal Power Plant (1,200 MW).[352]
According to statistics from
Telecommunication
Telecommunications services in Vietnam are wholly provided by the Vietnam Post and Telecommunications General Corporation (now the
Water supply and sanitation
Vietnam has 2,360 rivers with an average annual discharge of 310 billion m³. The rainy season accounts for 70% of the year's discharge.[358] Most of the country's urban water supply systems have been developed without proper management within the last 10 years. Based on a 2008 survey by the Vietnam Water Supply and Sewerage Association (VWSA), existing water production capacity exceeded demand, but service coverage is still sparse. Most of the clean water supply infrastructure is not widely developed. It is only available to a small proportion of the population with about one third of 727 district towns having some form of piped water supply.[359] There is also concern over the safety of existing water resources for urban and rural water supply systems. Most industrial factories release their untreated wastewater directly into the water sources. Where the government does not take measures to address the issue, most domestic wastewater is discharged, untreated, back into the environment and pollutes the surface water.[359]
In recent years, there have been some efforts and collaboration between local and foreign universities to develop access to safe water in the country by introducing water filtration systems. There is a growing concern among local populations over the serious public health issues associated with water contamination caused by pollution as well as the high levels of arsenic in groundwater sources.[360] The government of Netherlands has been providing aid focusing its investments mainly on water-related sectors including water treatment projects.[361][362][363] Regarding sanitation, 78% of Vietnam's population has access to "improved" sanitation—94% of the urban population and 70% of the rural population. However, there are still about 21 million people in the country lacking access to "improved" sanitation according to a survey conducted in 2015.[364] In 2018, the construction ministry said the country's water supply, and drainage industry had been applying hi-tech methods and information technology (IT) to sanitation issues but faced problems like limited funding, climate change, and pollution.[365] The health ministry has also announced that water inspection units will be established nationwide beginning in June 2019. Inspections are to be conducted without notice, since there have been many cases involving health issues caused by poor or polluted water supplies as well unhygienic conditions reported every year.[366]
Health
By 2015, 97% of the population had access to improved water sources.
Since the early 2000s, Vietnam has made significant progress in combating
Education
Vietnam has an extensive state-controlled network of schools, colleges, and universities and a growing number of privately run and partially privatised institutions. General education in Vietnam is divided into five categories:
Demographics
As of 2021[update], the population of Vietnam stands at approximately 97.5 million people.
Since the partition of Vietnam, the population of the
Urbanisation
The number of people who live in urbanised areas in 2019 is 33,122,548 people (with the urbanisation rate at 34.4%).[2] Since 1986, Vietnam's urbanisation rates have surged rapidly after the Vietnamese government implemented the Đổi Mới economic program, changing the system into a socialist one and liberalising property rights. As a result, Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City (the two major cities in the Red River Delta and Southeast regions respectively) increased their share of the total urban population from 8.5% and 24.9% to 15.9% and 31% respectively.[403] The Vietnamese government, through its construction ministry, forecasts the country will have a 45% urbanisation rate by 2020 although it was confirmed to only be 34.4% according to the 2019 census.[2] Urbanisation is said to have a positive correlation with economic growth. Any country with higher urbanisation rates has a higher GDP growth rate.[404] Furthermore, the urbanisation movement in Vietnam is mainly between the rural areas and the country's Southeast region. Ho Chi Minh City has received a large number of migrants due mainly to better weather and economic opportunities.[405]
A study also shows that rural-to-urban area migrants have a higher standard of living than both non-migrants in rural areas and non-migrants in urban areas. This results in changes to economic structures. In 1985, agriculture made up 37.2% of Vietnam's GDP; in 2008, that number had declined to 18.5%.[406] In 1985, industry made up only 26.2% of Vietnam's GDP; by 2008, that number had increased to 43.2%. Urbanisation also helps to improve basic services which increase people's standards of living. Access to electricity grew from 14% of total households with electricity in 1993 to above 96% in 2009.[406] In terms of access to fresh water, data from 65 utility companies shows that only 12% of households in the area covered by them had access to the water network in 2002; by 2007, more than 70% of the population was connected. Though urbanisation has many benefits, it has some drawbacks since it creates more traffic, and air and water pollution.[406]
Many Vietnamese use mopeds for transportation, since they are relatively cheap and easy to operate. Their large numbers have been known to cause traffic congestion and air pollution in Vietnam. In the capital city alone, the number of mopeds increased from 0.5 million in 2001 to 4.7 million in 2013.[406] With rapid development, factories have sprung up which indirectly pollute the air and water, for example in the 2016 Vietnam marine life disaster.[407] The government is intervening and attempting solutions to decrease air pollution by decreasing the number of motorcycles while increasing public transportation. It has introduced more regulations for waste handling. The amount of solid waste generated in urban areas of Vietnam has increased by more than 200% from 2003 to 2008. Industrial solid waste accounted for 181% of that increase. One of the government's efforts includes attempting to promote campaigns that encourage locals to sort household waste, since waste sorting is still not practised by most of Vietnamese society.[408]
Rank | Name | Province | Pop. | Rank | Name | Province | Pop. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hanoi |
1 | Ho Chi Minh City | Municipality | 8,993,082 | 11 | Tân Uyên | Bình Dương | 466,053 | Haiphong Cần Thơ |
2 | Hanoi | Municipality | 8,053,663 | 12 | Nha Trang | Khánh Hòa | 422,601 | ||
3 | Haiphong | Municipality | 2,028,514 | 13 | Dĩ An | Bình Dương | 403,760 | ||
4 | Cần Thơ | Municipality | 1,235,171 | 14 | Buôn Ma Thuột | Đắk Lắk | 375,590 | ||
5 | Da Nang | Municipality | 1,134,310 | 15 | Thanh Hóa | Thanh Hóa | 359,910 | ||
6 | Biên Hòa | Đồng Nai | 1,055,414 | 16 | Vũng Tàu | Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu | 357,124 | ||
7 | Thủ Đức | Ho Chi Minh City | 1,013,795 | 17 | Thái Nguyên | Thái Nguyên | 340,403 | ||
8 | Huế | Thừa Thiên Huế | 652,572 | 18 | Vinh | Nghệ An | 339,114 | ||
9 | Thuận An | Bình Dương | 508,433 | 19 | Thủ Dầu Một | Bình Dương | 321,607 | ||
10 | Hải Dương | Hải Dương | 508,190 | 20 | Hạ Long | Quảng Ninh | 300,267 |
Religion
Under Article 70 of the 1992 Constitution of Vietnam, all citizens enjoy freedom of belief and religion.[415] All religions are equal before the law and each place of worship is protected under Vietnamese state law. Religious beliefs cannot be misused to undermine state law and policies.[415][416] According to a 2007 survey 81% of Vietnamese people did not believe in a god.[417] Based on government findings in 2009, the number of religious people increased by 932,000.[418] The official statistics, presented by the Vietnamese government to the United Nations special rapporteur in 2014, indicate the overall number of followers of recognised religions is about 24 million of a total population of almost 90 million.[419] According to the General Statistics Office of Vietnam in 2019, Buddhists account for 4.79% of the total population, Catholics 6.1%, Protestants 1.0%, Hoahao Buddhists 1.02%, and Caodaism followers 0.58%.[2] Other religions includes Islam, Bahaʼís and Hinduism, representing less than 0.2% of the population.
The majority of Vietnamese do not follow any organised religion, though many of them observe some form of
Languages
The
The French language, a legacy of colonial rule, is spoken by many educated Vietnamese as a second language[citation needed], especially among the older generation and those educated in the former South Vietnam, where it was a principal language in administration, education and commerce. Vietnam remains a full member of the International Organisation of the Francophonie (La Francophonie) and education has revived some interest in the language.[431] Russian, and to a lesser extent German, Czech and Polish are known among some northern Vietnamese whose families had ties with the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War.[432] With improved relations with Western countries and recent reforms in Vietnamese administration, English has been increasingly used as a second language and the study of English is now obligatory in most schools either alongside or in place of French.[433][434] The popularity of Japanese, Korean, and Mandarin Chinese have also grown as the country's ties with other East Asian nations have strengthened.[435][436][437] Third-graders can choose one of seven languages (English, Russian, French, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, German) as their first foreign language.[438][439][440] In Vietnam's high school graduation examinations, students can take their foreign language exam in one of the above-mentioned languages.[441]
Culture
Vietnamese culture is considered part of
The traditional focuses of Vietnamese culture are based on humanity (nhân nghĩa) and harmony (hòa) in which family and community values are highly regarded.[447] Vietnam reveres a number of key cultural symbols,[451] such as the Vietnamese dragon which is derived from crocodile and snake imagery; Vietnam's national father, Lạc Long Quân is depicted as a holy dragon.[445][452][453] The lạc is a holy bird representing Vietnam's national mother Âu Cơ. Other prominent images that are also revered are the turtle, buffalo and horse.[454] Many Vietnamese also believe in the supernatural and spiritualism where illness can be brought on by a curse or sorcery or caused by non-observance of a religious ethic. Traditional medical practitioners, amulets and other forms of spiritual protection and religious practices may be employed to treat the ill person.[455] In the modern era, the cultural life of Vietnam has been deeply influenced by government-controlled media and cultural programs.[443] For many decades, foreign cultural influences, especially those of Western origin, were shunned. But since the recent reformation, Vietnam has seen a greater exposure to neighbouring Southeast Asian, East Asian as well to Western culture and media.[456]
The main Vietnamese formal dress, the
Literature
Vietnamese literature has centuries-deep history and the country has a rich tradition of
Music
Traditional Vietnamese music varies between the country's northern and southern regions.
Cuisine
Traditionally, Vietnamese cuisine is based around five fundamental taste "elements" (
Media
Vietnam's media sector is regulated by the government under the 2004 Law on Publication.[482] It is generally perceived that the country's media sector is controlled by the government and follows the official communist party line, though some newspapers are relatively outspoken.[483][484] The Voice of Vietnam (VOV) is the official state-run national radio broadcasting service, broadcasting internationally via shortwave using rented transmitters in other countries and providing broadcasts from its website, while Vietnam Television (VTV) is the national television broadcasting company. Since 1997, Vietnam has regulated public internet access extensively using both legal and technical means. The resulting lockdown is widely referred to as the "Bamboo Firewall".[485] The collaborative project OpenNet Initiative classifies Vietnam's level of online political censorship to be "pervasive",[486] while Reporters Without Borders (RWB) considers Vietnam to be one of 15 global "internet enemies".[487] Though the government of Vietnam maintains that such censorship is necessary to safeguard the country against obscene or sexually explicit content, many political and religious websites that are deemed to be undermining state authority are also blocked.[488]
Holidays and festivals
The country has eleven national recognised holidays. These include:
Sports
The
See also
Notes
- ^ The census data was also cited in the United States Department of State's 2022 Report on International Religious Freedom regarding Vietnam. However, the report indicated that this figure didn't include the potentially significant number of individuals who engage in Buddhist practices to a certain extent without being formally participated in a Buddhist religious group.[3] An earlier United States Department of State report from 2019 revealed that 26.4 percent of the population identified with an organized religion. This breakdown included 14.9 percent identifying as Buddhist, 7.4 percent as Roman Catholic, 1.5 percent as Hoa Hao Buddhist, 1.2 percent as Cao Dai, and 1.1 percent as Protestant. The remainder did not identify with any religious group or observed beliefs such as animism or the reverence of ancestors, tutelary and protective saints, national heroes, or esteemed local figures.[4]
- ^ In effect since 1 January 2014.[6]
- ^ The area of Vietnam mentioned here is based on the land area statistics provided by the Vietnamese government. However, alternative figures exist. According to the CIA World Factbook, Vietnam's total area is 331,210 square kilometers,[8] while the BBC cites a slightly different measurement of 331,699 square kilometers.[9]
- ^ Vietnamese: Việt Nam [vîət nāːm] ⓘ
- ^ The spelling "Viet Nam" or the full Vietnamese form "Việt Nam" is sometimes used in English by local and government-operated media. "Viet Nam" is, in fact, formally designated and recognized by the Government of Vietnam, the United Nations and the International Organization for Standardization as the standardized country name. See also other spellings.
- ^ Alternatively the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam with the different spelling for "Vietnam"
- ^ a b At first, Gia Long requested the name "Nam Việt", but the Jiaqing Emperor refused.[16][23]
- ^ Neither the American government nor Ngô Đình Diệm's State of Vietnam signed anything at the 1954 Geneva Conference. The non-communist Vietnamese delegation objected strenuously to any division of Vietnam; however, the French accepted the Việt Minh proposal[118] that Vietnam be united by elections under the supervision of "local commissions".[119] The United States, with the support of South Vietnam and the United Kingdom, countered with the "American Plan",[120] which provided for United Nations-supervised unification elections. The plan, however, was rejected by Soviet and other communist delegations.[121]
References
- ^ "Vietnam". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 18 April 2023. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j General Statistics Office of Vietnam 2019.
- ^ 2022 Report on International Religious Freedom: Vietnam (Report). Office of International Religious Freedom, United States Department of State. 2022. Archived from the original on 11 February 2024. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
- ^ Vietnam Government Committee for Religious Affairs, 2018, cited in "2019 Report on International Religious Freedom: Vietnam". United States Department of State.
- ^ "Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam". FAOLEX Database. Food and Agriculture Organization.
The Constitution defines Vietnam as [having] a socialist rule of law, State of the people, by the people, and for the people. Vietnam is a unitary state ruled by [a] one-party system with coordination among State bodies in exercising legislative, executive and judicial rights.
- ^ Việt Nam News 2014.
- ^ "Phê duyệt và công bố kết quả thống kê diện tích đất đai năm 2022" [Approval and announcement of land area statistics for 2022]. Decision No. 3048/QĐ-BTNMT of 18 October 2023 (PDF) (in Vietnamese). Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (Vietnam).
- ^ "Vietnam". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 17 January 2024. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
- ^ "Vietnam country profile". BBC News. 24 February 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
- ^ Socio-economic situation in the fourth quarter and 2023 (Report). General Statistics Office of Vietnam. 29 December 2023. Archived from the original on 12 February 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
- ^ An Chi (31 December 2023). "Dân số trung bình của Việt Nam năm 2023 đạt 100,3 triệu người" [Vietnam's Average Population Reaches 100.3 Million People in 2023]. Nhân Dân (in Vietnamese). Archived from the original on 12 February 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Vietnam)". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. 10 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
- ^ World Bank 2018c.
- ^ "Human Development Report 2023/24" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. p. 289. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
- ^ a b Brindley, Erica Fox (2015). Ancient China and the Yue Perceptions and Identities on the Southern Frontier, c.400 BCE–50 CE. Cambridge University Press. p. 27.
The term "Yue" survives today in the name of the Vietnamese state (yue nan 越南, or, "Viet south" – "Viet of the South," – as the Vietnamese likely took it; or "South of the Viet" – as the Chinese likely took it
- ^ a b Woods 2002, p. 38.
- ^ a b c Norman & Mei 1976.
- ^ a b c d Meacham 1996.
- ^ Yue Hashimoto 1972, p. 1.
- ^ Knoblock & Riegel 2001, p. 510.
- ^ Lieberman 2003, p. 405.
- ^ Phan 1976, p. 510.
- ^ Shaofei & Guoqing 2016.
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- ^ Tonnesson & Antlov 1996, p. 117.
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- ^ Oxenham & Buckley 2015, p. 329.
- ^ Tsang, Cheng-hwa (2000), "Recent advances in the Iron Age archaeology of Taiwan", Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 20: 153–158, doi:10.7152/bippa.v20i0.11751
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- ^ Everington, K. (2017). Birthplace of Austronesians is Taiwan, capital was Taitung: Scholar. Taiwan News.
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- ^ a b Higham 1984.
- ^ a b Nang Chung & Giang Hai 2017, p. 31.
- ^ de Laet & Herrmann 1996, p. 408.
- ^ a b c Calò 2009, p. 51.
- ^ Kiernan 2017, p. 31.
- ^ Cooke, Li & Anderson 2011, p. 46.
- ^ Pelley 2002, p. 151.
- ^ Cottrell 2009, p. 14.
- ^ Đức Trần & Thư Hà 2000, p. 8.
- ^ Yao 2016, p. 62.
- ^ Holmgren 1980.
- ^ Taylor 1983, p. 30.
- ^ Pelley 2002, p. 177.
- ^ Cottrell 2009, p. 15.
- ^ Thái Nguyên & Mừng Nguyẽ̂n 1958, p. 33.
- ^ Chesneaux 1966, p. 20.
- ^ anon. 1972, p. 24.
- ^ Tuyet Tran & Reid 2006, p. 32.
- ^ Hiẻ̂n Lê 2003, p. 65.
- ^ Hong Lien & Sharrock 2014, p. 55.
- ^ a b Kiernan 2017, p. 226.
- ^ Cottrell 2009, p. 16.
- ^ Hong Lien & Sharrock 2014, p. 95.
- ^ Keyes 1995, p. 183.
- ^ Hong Lien & Sharrock 2014, p. 111.
- ^ Hong Lien & Sharrock 2014, p. 120.
- ^ Kiernan 2017, p. 265.
- ^ Anderson & Whitmore 2014, p. 158.
- ^ a b Vo 2011, p. 13.
- ^ Ooi & Anh Tuan 2015, p. 212.
- ^ a b Phuong Linh 2016, p. 39.
- ^ Anderson & Whitmore 2014, p. 174.
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- Calò, Ambra (2009). Trails of Bronze Drums Across Early Southeast Asia: Exchange Routes and Connected Cultural Spheres. ISBN 978-1-4073-0396-3.
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- de Mora, Javier Calvo; Wood, Keith (2014). Practical Knowledge in Teacher Education: Approaches to teacher internship programmes. ISBN 978-1-317-80333-1.
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Free content
This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA IGO 3.0. Text taken from UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030, 713–714, UNESCO, UNESCO Publishing.
This article incorporates public domain material from "(U.S. Relations With Vietnam)". U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets. United States Department of State.
External links
- Vietnam profile from BBC News
- Vietnam. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. (CIA)
- Vietnam from UCB Libraries GovPubs (archived 3 October 2012)
- Vietnam at Curlie
- Vietnam at Encyclopædia Britannica
- Wikimedia Atlas of Vietnam
- Key Development Forecasts for Vietnam from International Futures
Government
- Portal of the Government of Vietnam Archived 20 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine
- Communist Party of Vietnam – official website (in Vietnamese)
- National Assembly – the Vietnamese legislative body
- General Statistics Office
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- Chief of State and Cabinet Members (archived 5 October 2013)
Media and censorship
- Robert N. Wilkey. "Vietnam's Antitrust Legislation and Subscription to E-ASEAN: An End to the Bamboo Firewall Over Internet Regulation?" The John Marshall Journal of Computer and Information Law. Vol. XX, No. 4. Summer 2002. Retrieved 16 February 2013.