Vietnam

Coordinates: 16°N 108°E / 16°N 108°E / 16; 108
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Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Cộng hòa Xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam (Vietnamese)
Motto: Độc lập – Tự do – Hạnh phúc
"Independence – Freedom – Happiness"
Anthem: 
Kinh Vietnamese
  • 14.68% other[2]
  • Religion
    (2019)
    [a]
    Demonym(s)Vietnamese
    Viet (colloquial)
    GovernmentUnitary Marxism–Leninism one-party socialist republic[5]
    Nguyễn Phú Trọng
    • President
    Võ Văn Thưởng
    Phạm Minh Chính
    Vương Đình Huệ
    Legislature
    Declaration of Independence
    2 September 1945
    21 July 1954
    30 April 1975
    2 July 1976
    18 December 1986
    28 November 2013[b]
    Area
    • Total
    331,344.82[7][c] km2 (127,932.95 sq mi) (66th)
    • Water (%)
    6.38
    Population
    • 2023 estimate
    100,300,000[10][11] (15th)
    • 2019 census
    96,208,984[2]
    • Density
    298/km2 (771.8/sq mi) (49th)
    GDP (PPP)2023 estimate
    • Total
    Increase $1.434 trillion[12] (26th)
    • Per capita
    Increase $14,285[12] (106th)
    GDP (nominal)2023 estimate
    • Total
    Increase $433.356 billion[12] (35th)
    • Per capita
    Increase $4,316[12] (119th)
    Gini (2018)Positive decrease 35.7[13]
    medium
    HDI (2022)Increase 0.726[14]
    high (107th)
    CurrencyVietnamese đồng (₫) (VND)
    Time zoneUTC+07:00 (Vietnam Standard Time)
    Driving sideright
    Calling code+84
    ISO 3166 codeVN
    Internet TLD.vn

    Vietnam,[d][e] officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV),[f] is a country at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of about 331,000 square kilometres (128,000 sq mi) and a population of over 100 million, making it the world's fifteenth-most populous country. Vietnam shares land borders with China to the north, and Laos and Cambodia to the west. It shares maritime borders with Thailand through the Gulf of Thailand, and the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia through the South China Sea. Its capital is Hanoi and its largest city is Ho Chi Minh City (commonly referred to by its former name, Saigon).

    Vietnam was inhabited by the Paleolithic age, with states established in the first millennium BC on the Red River Delta in modern-day northern Vietnam. The Han dynasty annexed Northern and Central Vietnam under Chinese rule from 111 BC, until the first dynasty emerged in 939. Successive monarchical dynasties absorbed Chinese influences through Confucianism and Buddhism, and expanded southward to the Mekong Delta, conquering Champa. During most of the 17th and 18th centuries, Vietnam was effectively divided into two domains of Đàng Trong and Đàng Ngoài. The Nguyễn—the last imperial dynasty—surrendered to France in 1883. In 1887, its territory was integrated into French Indochina as three separate regions. In the immediate aftermath of World War II, the nationalist coalition Viet Minh, led by the communist revolutionary Ho Chi Minh, launched the August Revolution and declared Vietnam's independence in 1945.

    Vietnam went through prolonged warfare in the 20th century. After

    global economy and politics
    .

    Vietnam is a developing country with a lower-middle-income economy. It has high levels of corruption, censorship, environmental issues and a poor human rights record; the country ranks among the lowest in international measurements of civil liberties, freedom of the press, and freedom of religion and ethnic minorities. It is part of international and intergovernmental institutions including the ASEAN, the APEC, the CPTPP, the Non-Aligned Movement, the OIF, and the WTO. It has assumed a seat on the United Nations Security Council twice.

    Etymology

    The name Việt Nam (Vietnamese pronunciation:

    Cantonese Yale: Baak Yuet; Vietnamese: Bách Việt; "Hundred Yue/Viet").[17][18][19] The term Baiyue/Bách Việt first appeared in the book Lüshi Chunqiu compiled around 239 BC.[20] By the 17th and 18th centuries AD, educated Vietnamese apparently referred to themselves as người Việt (Viet people) or người Nam (southern people).[21]

    Người Việt 𠊛越 written in chữ Nôm.

    The form Việt Nam (

    Nguyễn Phúc Ánh (who later became Emperor Gia Long) established the Nguyễn dynasty. In the second year of his rule, he asked the Jiaqing Emperor of the Qing dynasty to confer on him the title 'King of Nam Việt / Nanyue' (南越 in Chinese character) after seizing power in Annam. The Emperor refused because the name was related to Zhao Tuo's Nanyue, which included the regions of Guangxi and Guangdong in southern China. The Qing Emperor, therefore, decided to call the area "Việt Nam" instead,[g][24] meaning "South of the Viet" per Classical Chinese word order but the Vietnamese understood it as "Viet of the South" per Vietnamese word order.[15] Between 1804 and 1813, the name Vietnam was used officially by Emperor Gia Long.[g] It was revived in the early 20th century in Phan Bội Châu's History of the Loss of Vietnam, and later by the Vietnamese Nationalist Party (VNQDĐ).[25] The country was usually called Annam until 1945, when the imperial government in Huế adopted Việt Nam.[26]

    History

    Prehistory and early history

    Đông Sơn
    bronze drum, c. 800 BC

    Archaeological excavations have revealed the existence of humans in what is now Vietnam as early as the

    Maritime Jade Road, as ascertained by archeological research.[39][40][41][42]

    By about 1,000 BC, the development of wet-

    Văn Lang and Âu Lạc appeared, and the culture's influence spread to other parts of Southeast Asia, including Maritime Southeast Asia, throughout the first millennium BC.[46][48]

    Dynastic Vietnam

    Đại Việt, Champa, Angkor Empire and their neighbours, late 13th century
    Vietnam's territories around 1838, during the Vietnamese occupation of Cambodia

    According to Vietnamese legends,

    Khúc family.[60]

    In AD 938, the Vietnamese lord

    From the 16th century onward, civil strife and frequent political infighting engulfed much of Dai Viet. First, the Chinese-supported

    Tây Sơn brothers helped Trịnh to end Nguyễn, they also established new dynasty and ended Trịnh. However, their rule did not last long, and they were defeated by the remnants of the Nguyễn lords, led by Nguyễn Ánh. Nguyễn Ánh unified Vietnam, and established the Nguyễn dynasty, ruling under the name Gia Long.[76]

    French Indochina

    In the 1500s, the

    Dutch also tried to establish contact with Quinan in 1601 but failed to sustain a presence there after several violent encounters with the locals. The Dutch East India Company (VOC) only managed to establish official relations with Tonkin in the spring of 1637 after leaving Dejima in Japan to establish trade for silk.[79] Meanwhile, in 1613, the first English attempt to establish contact with Hội An failed following a violent incident involving the East India Company. By 1672 the English did establish relations with Tonkin and were allowed to reside in Phố Hiến.[80]

    Capture of Saigon by Charles Rigault de Genouilly on 18 February 1859

    Between 1615 and 1753,

    Catholics across central and northern Vietnam.[89]

    Between 1862 and 1867, the southern third of the country became the

    Saigon, and in Hanoi, the colony's capital.[95]

    During the colonial period, guerrillas of the royalist

    self-government. An increasing dissatisfaction, even led to half-hearted, badly co-ordinated, and still worsely executed plots to oust the French, like the infamous Hanoi Poison Plot
    of 1908.

    became French Indochina's capital.

    A nationalist political movement soon emerged, with leaders like

    Hồ Chí Minh fighting or calling for independence.[102] This resulted in the 1930 Yên Bái mutiny by the Vietnamese Nationalist Party (VNQDĐ), which the French quashed. The mutiny split the independence movement, as many leading members converted to communism.[103][104][105]

    The French maintained full control of their colonies until World War II, when the

    Vietnamese Famine of 1945 which killed up to two million people.[108][109]

    First Indochina War

    In 1941, the

    Japanese occupation.[110][111] After the military defeat of Japan in World War II and the fall of its puppet government Empire of Vietnam in August 1945, Saigon's administrative services collapsed and chaos, riots, and murder were widespread.[112] The Việt Minh occupied Hanoi and proclaimed a provisional government, which asserted national independence on 2 September.[111]

    In July 1945, the Allies had decided to divide Indochina at the 16th parallel to allow Chiang Kai-shek of the Republic of China to receive the Japanese surrender in the north while Britain's Lord Louis Mountbatten received their surrender in the south. The Allies agreed that Indochina still belonged to France.[113][114]

    Map showing the partition of French Indochina following the 1954 Geneva Conference
    Partition of French Indochina after the 1954 Geneva Conference

    But as the French were weakened by the

    battle of Điện Biên Phủ allowed Hồ to negotiate a ceasefire from a favourable position at the subsequent Geneva Conference.[111][117]

    The colonial administration was thereby ended and French Indochina was dissolved under the Geneva Accords of 21 July 1954 into three countries—Vietnam, and the kingdoms of

    Vietnam War

    From 1953 to 1956, the

    Việt Cộng began a guerrilla campaign in South Vietnam in the late 1950s to overthrow Diệm's government.[133] From 1960, the Soviet Union and North Vietnam signed treaties providing for further Soviet military support.[134][135][136]

    Việt Cộng
    , c. 1962–1971

    In 1963, Buddhist discontent with Diệm's Catholic regime erupted into

    1963 coup in which he and Nhu were assassinated.[138] The Diệm era was followed by more than a dozen successive military governments, before the pairing of Air Marshal Nguyễn Cao Kỳ and General Nguyễn Văn Thiệu took control in mid-1965.[139] Thiệu gradually outmaneuvered Kỳ and cemented his grip on power in fraudulent elections in 1967 and 1971.[140] During this political instability, the communists began to gain ground. To support South Vietnam's struggle against the communist insurgency, the United States used the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident as a pretext for increasing its contribution of military advisers.[141] US forces became involved in ground combat operations by 1965, and at their peak several years later, numbered more than 500,000.[142][143] The US also engaged in sustained aerial bombing. Meanwhile, China and the Soviet Union provided North Vietnam with significant material aid and 15,000 combat advisers.[134][135][144] Communist forces supplying the Việt Cộng carried supplies along the Hồ Chí Minh trail, which passed through Laos.[145]

    The communists attacked South Vietnamese targets during the 1968

    full-scale offensive, culminating in the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975.[151] South Vietnam was ruled by a provisional government for almost eight years while under North Vietnamese military occupation.[152]

    Reunification and reforms

    On 2 July 1976, North and South Vietnam were merged to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

    Kiên Giang,[163] the Vietnamese military invaded Cambodia and removed them from power after occupying Phnom Penh.[164] The intervention was a success, resulting in the establishment of a new, pro-Vietnam socialist government, the People's Republic of Kampuchea, which ruled until 1989.[165] However, this worsened relations with China, which had supported the Khmer Rouge. China later launched a brief incursion into northern Vietnam in 1979, causing Vietnam to rely even more heavily on Soviet economic and military aid, while mistrust of the Chinese government escalated.[166]

    At the

    private ownership of farms and factories, economic deregulation, and foreign investment, while maintaining control over strategic industries.[170][171] Subsequently, Vietnam's economy achieved strong growth in agricultural and industrial production, construction, exports, and foreign investment, although these reforms also resulted in a rise in income inequality and gender disparities.[172][173][174]

    In 2021, General Secretary of the Communist Party, Nguyen Phu Trong, was re-elected for his third term in office, meaning he is Vietnam's most powerful leader in decades.[175]

    Geography

    Images showing Hạ Long Bay, the Yến River and the Bản-Giốc Waterfalls
    Nature attractions in Vietnam, clockwise from top: Hạ Long Bay, Yến River, and Bản-Giốc Waterfalls

    Vietnam is located on the eastern

    above sea level at any point. It is criss-crossed by a maze of rivers and canals, which carry so much sediment that the delta advances 60 to 80 metres (196.9 to 262.5 ft) into the sea every year.[185][186] The exclusive economic zone of Vietnam covers 417,663 km2 (161,261 sq mi) in the South China Sea.[187]

    Image of the Hoàng Liên Sơn mountain range
    Hoàng Liên Sơn mountain range, the range that includes Fansipan which is the highest summit on the Indochinese Peninsula

    Southern Vietnam is divided into coastal lowlands, the mountains of the

    Lào Cai Province, is the highest mountain in Vietnam, standing 3,143 m (10,312 ft) high.[192] From north to south Vietnam, the country also has numerous islands; Phú Quốc is the largest.[193] The Hang Sơn Đoòng Cave is considered the largest known cave passage in the world since its discovery in 2009. The Ba Bể Lake and Mekong River are the largest lake and longest river in the country.[194][195][196]

    Climate

    An image of the Köppen climate classification map of Vietnam
    Köppen climate classification map of Vietnam.
    Photograph of Nha Trang beach with many high rise buildings behind it
    Nha Trang, a popular beach destination has a tropical savanna climate.

    Due to differences in latitude and the marked variety in

    tropical storms and typhoons.[202] Vietnam is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change, with 55% of its population living in low-elevation coastal areas.[203][204]

    Biodiversity

    Photographs of Native species in Vietnam the crested argus; the red-shanked douc, a monkey; the Indochinese leopard and the saola, a bovine.
    Native species in Vietnam, clockwise from top-right: crested argus (a peafowl), red-shanked douc, Indochinese leopard, and saola

    As the country is located within the

    Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park—together with nine biosphere reserves, including Cần Giờ Mangrove Forest, Cát Tiên, Cát Bà, Kiên Giang, the Red River Delta, Mekong Delta, Western Nghệ An, Cà Mau, and Cu Lao Cham Marine Park.[206][207][208]

    Vietnam is also home to 1,438 species of freshwater

    taxa of flora have been newly described in Vietnam.[205] Six new mammal species, including the saola, giant muntjac and Tonkin snub-nosed monkey have also been discovered, along with one new bird species, the endangered Edwards's pheasant.[209] In the late 1980s, a small population of Javan rhinoceros was found in Cát Tiên National Park. However, the last individual of the species in Vietnam was reportedly shot in 2010.[210] In agricultural genetic diversity, Vietnam is one of the world's twelve original cultivar centres. The Vietnam National Cultivar Gene Bank preserves 12,300 cultivars of 115 species.[205] The Vietnamese government spent US$49.07 million on the preservation of biodiversity in 2004 alone and has established 126 conservation areas, including 30 national parks.[205]

    Sa Pa mountain hills with agricultural activities

    In Vietnam, wildlife

    non-governmental organisation (NGO) called Education for Nature – Vietnam was founded to instill in the population the importance of wildlife conservation in the country.[211] In the years that followed, another NGO called GreenViet was formed by Vietnamese youngsters for the enforcement of wildlife protection. Through collaboration between the NGOs and local authorities, many local poaching syndicates were crippled by their leaders' arrests.[211] A study released in 2018 revealed Vietnam is a destination for the illegal export of rhinoceros horns from South Africa due to the demand for them as a medicine and a status symbol.[212][213]

    The main environmental concern that persists in Vietnam today is the legacy of the use of the chemical

    Đà Nẵng in late 2017,[219] the US announced its commitment to clean other sites, especially in the heavily impacted site of Biên Hòa.[220]

    The Vietnamese government spends over

    Cần Giờ outside Hồ Chí Minh City, where mangroves are important to ease (though not eliminate) flood conditions during monsoon seasons.[224] The country had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 5.35/10, ranking it 104th globally out of 172 countries.[225]

    Apart from herbicide problems,

    bomb removal agencies from the United Kingdom,[229] Denmark,[230] South Korea[231] and the US[232] have been providing assistance. The Vietnam government spends over VNĐ1 trillion ($44 million) annually on demining operations and additional hundreds of billions of đồng for treatment, assistance, rehabilitation, vocational training and resettlement of the victims of UXOs.[233]

    Panoramic view of Hạ Long Bay

    Government and politics

    Vietnam is a

    Marxist-Leninist one-party socialist republic, one of the two communist states (the other being Laos) in Southeast Asia.[234] Although Vietnam remains officially committed to socialism as its defining creed, its economic policies have grown increasingly capitalist,[235][236] with The Economist characterising its leadership as "ardently capitalist communists".[237] Under the constitution, the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) asserts their role in all branches of the country's politics and society.[234] The president is the elected head of state and the commander-in-chief of the military, serving as the chairman of the Council of Supreme Defence and Security, and holds the second highest office in Vietnam as well as performing executive functions and state appointments and setting policy.[234]

    Chairman of the National Assembly

    The general secretary of the CPV performs numerous key administrative functions, controlling the party's national organisation.[234] The prime minister is the head of government, presiding over a council of ministers composed of five deputy prime ministers and the heads of 26 ministries and commissions. Only political organisations affiliated with or endorsed by the CPV are permitted to contest elections in Vietnam. These include the Vietnamese Fatherland Front and worker and trade unionist parties.[234]

    Photograph of the National Assembly of Vietnam in Hanoi
    The National Assembly of Vietnam building in Hanoi

    The

    court of appeal, though it is also answerable to the National Assembly. Beneath the Supreme People's Court stand the provincial municipal courts and many local courts. Military courts possess special jurisdiction in matters of state security. Vietnam maintains the death penalty for numerous offences.[239]

    In 2023, a three-person collective leadership was responsible for governing Vietnam. President Vo Van Thuong (since 2023),[240] Prime Minister Pham Minh Chinh (since 2021)[241] and the most powerful leader Nguyen Phu Trong (since 2011) as the Communist Party of Vietnam’s General Secretary.[242]

    Foreign relations

    Trần Đại Quang and Vladimir Putin
    President Trần Đại Quang with Russian President Vladimir Putin on 19 November 2016
    Secretary Tillerson at the Presidential Palace
    US Secretary of State Rex Tillerson accompanies US President Donald Trump to a commercial deal signing ceremony with Vietnamese President on 12 November 2017.

    Throughout its history, Vietnam's main foreign relationship has been with various Chinese dynasties.

    Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), International Organisation of the Francophonie (La Francophonie), and World Trade Organization (WTO). It also maintains relations with over 650 non-governmental organisations.[245] As of 2010 Vietnam had established diplomatic relations with 178 countries.[246]

    Vietnam's current foreign policy is to consistently implement a policy of independence, self-reliance, peace, co-operation, and development, as well openness, diversification,

    embargo on sales of lethal arms to Vietnam.[256] Despite their historical past, today Vietnam is considered to be a potential ally of the United States, especially in the geopolitical context of the territorial disputes in the South China Sea and in containment of Chinese expansionism.[257][258][259]

    Military

    The

    military expenditure totalled approximately US$4.4 billion, equivalent to around 8% of its total government spending.[261] Joint military exercises and war games have been held with Brunei,[262] India,[263] Japan,[264] Laos,[265] Russia,[266] Singapore[262] and the US.[267] In 2017, Vietnam signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.[268][269]

    Human rights and sociopolitical issues

    Under the current constitution, the CPV is the only party allowed to rule, the operation of all other political parties being outlawed. Other human rights issues concern

    prisoners of conscience.[270] Vietnam has also suffered from human trafficking and related issues.[272][273][274]

    Administrative divisions

    Vietnam is divided into 58 provinces (Vietnamese: Tỉnh, chữ Hán: ).[275] There are also five municipalities (thành phố trực thuộc trung ương), which are administratively on the same level as provinces.

    A Tay Ho Communist propaganda poster
    A Communist Party poster in Hanoi

    Provinces are subdivided into provincial municipalities (thành phố trực thuộc tỉnh, 'city under province'), townships (thị xã) and counties (huyện), which are in turn subdivided into towns (thị trấn) or communes ().

    Centrally controlled municipalities are subdivided into

    wards
    (phường).

    Economy

    Historical GDP per capita development of Vietnam
    Share of world GDP (PPP)[12]
    Year Share
    1980 0.21%
    1990 0.28%
    2000 0.39%
    2010 0.52%
    2020 0.80%

    Throughout the history of Vietnam, its economy has been based largely on

    Eastern bloc in the late 1980s, and the subsequent collapse of the Soviet Union, as well as the negative impacts of the post-war trade embargo imposed by the United States,[282][283] Vietnam began to liberalise its trade by devaluing its exchange rate to increase exports and embarked on a policy of economic development.[284]

    .

    In 1986, the

    late-2000s global recession, holding at 6.8% in 2010. Vietnam's year-on-year inflation rate reached 11.8% in December 2010 and the currency, the Vietnamese đồng, was devalued three times.[294][295]

    Deep

    oil industry, it is the third-largest oil producer in Southeast Asia with a total 2011 output of 318,000 barrels per day (50,600 m3/d).[301] In 2010, Vietnam was ranked as the eighth-largest crude petroleum producer in the Asia and Pacific region.[302] The US bought the biggest share of Vietnam's exports,[303] while goods from China were the most popular Vietnamese import.[304]

    Based on findings by the

    GDP per capita $4,086.[12][305] Besides the primary sector economy, tourism has contributed significantly to Vietnam's economic growth with 7.94 million foreign visitors recorded in 2015.[306]

    Agriculture

    Photograph of terraced rice fields in Sa Pa
    Terraced rice fields in Sa Pa

    As a result of several

    rubber
    and fishery products. Agriculture's share of Vietnam's GDP has fallen in recent decades, declining from 42% in 1989 to 20% in 2006 as production in other sectors of the economy has risen.

    Seafood

    The overall fisheries production of Vietnam from capture fisheries and aquaculture was 5.6 million MT in 2011 and 6.7 million MT in 2016. The output of Vietnam's fisheries sector has seen strong growth, which could be attributed to the continued expansion of the aquaculture sub-sector.[312]

    Science and technology

    ping-pong-playing robot displayed during the 2009 International Robot Exhibition (IREX) in Tokyo[313][314]

    In 2010, Vietnam's total state spending on science and technology amounted to roughly 0.45% of its GDP.

    Vietnamese science students working on an experiment in their university lab.
    Vietnamese science students working on an experiment in their university lab

    According to the

    life sciences (22%), physics (13%) and engineering (13%), which is consistent with recent advances in the production of diagnostic equipment and shipbuilding.[325]

    Tourism

    UNESCO World Heritage Site, is a major tourist destination. (photo is Japanese Bridge
    )

    Tourism is an important element of economic activity in the nation, contributing 7.5% of the total GDP. Vietnam hosted roughly 13 million tourists in 2017, an increase of 29.1% over the previous year, making it one of the fastest growing tourist destinations in the world. The vast majority of the tourists in the country, some 9.7 million, came from Asia; namely China (4 million), South Korea (2.6 million), and Japan (798,119).[326] Vietnam also attracts large numbers of visitors from Europe, with almost 1.9 million visitors in 2017; most European visitors came from Russia (574,164), followed by the United Kingdom (283,537), France (255,396), and Germany (199,872). Other significant international arrivals by nationality include the United States (614,117) and Australia (370,438).[326]

    The most visited destinations in Vietnam are the largest city, Ho Chi Minh City, with over 5.8 million international arrivals, followed by Hanoi with 4.6 million and Hạ Long, including Hạ Long Bay with 4.4 million arrivals. All three are ranked in the top 100 most visited cities in the world.[327] Vietnam is home to eight UNESCO World Heritage Sites. In 2018, Travel + Leisure ranked Hội An as one of the world's top 15 best destinations to visit.[328]

    Infrastructure

    Transport

    Much of Vietnam's modern transportation network can trace its roots to the French colonial era when it was used to facilitate the transportation of raw materials to its main ports. It was extensively expanded and modernised following the partition of Vietnam.[329] Vietnam's road system includes national roads administered at the central level, provincial roads managed at the provincial level, district roads managed at the district level, urban roads managed by cities and towns and commune roads managed at the commune level.[330] In 2010, Vietnam's road system had a total length of about 188,744 kilometres (117,280 mi) of which 93,535 kilometres (58,120 mi) are asphalt roads comprising national, provincial and district roads.[330] The length of the national road system is about 15,370 kilometres (9,550 mi) with 15,085 kilometres (9,373 mi) of its length paved. The provincial road system has around 27,976 kilometres (17,383 mi) of paved roads while 50,474 kilometres (31,363 mi) district roads are paved.[330]

    HCMC–LT–DG section of the North–South Expressway
    Photograph of Tan Son Nhat International Airport
    Tan Son Nhat International Airport is the busiest airport in the country.

    high-speed railway—shinkansen (bullet train)—using Japanese technology.[336] Vietnamese engineers were sent to Japan to receive training in the operation and maintenance of high-speed trains.[337] The planned railway will be a 1,545 kilometres (960 mi)-long express route serving a total of 23 stations, including Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, with 70% of its route running on bridges and through tunnels.[338][339] The trains will travel at a maximum speed of 350 kilometres (220 mi) per hour.[339][340] Plans for the high-speed rail line, however, have been postponed after the Vietnamese government decided to prioritise the development of both the Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City metros and expand road networks instead.[335][341][342]

    Hai Phong
    is one of the largest and busiest container ports in Vietnam.

    Vietnam operates 20 major civil airports, including three international gateways:

    Qui Nhơn, Vũng Tàu, Cửa Lò and Nha Trang. Further inland, the country's extensive network of rivers plays a key role in rural transportation with over 47,130 kilometres (29,290 mi) of navigable waterways carrying ferries, barges and water taxis.[346]

    Energy

    Photograph of the Son La Dam
    Sơn La Dam in northern Vietnam, the largest hydroelectric dam in Southeast Asia[347]

    Vietnam's energy sector is dominated largely by the state-controlled

    PetroVietnam (4,435 MW), Vinacomin (1,785 MW) and 10,031 MW from build–operate–transfer (BOT) investors.[349]

    Most of Vietnam's power is generated by either

    another source for electricity from nuclear power. The plan was abandoned in late 2016 when a majority of the National Assembly voted to oppose the project due to widespread public concern over radioactive contamination.[350]

    The household gas sector in Vietnam is dominated by PetroVietnam, which controls nearly 70% of the country's domestic market for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).[351] Since 2011, the company also operates five renewable energy power plants including the Nhơn Trạch 2 Thermal Power Plant (750 MW), Phú Quý Wind Power Plant (6 MW), Hủa Na Hydro-power Plant (180 MW), Dakdrinh Hydro-power Plant (125 MW) and Vũng Áng 1 Thermal Power Plant (1,200 MW).[352]

    According to statistics from

    British Petroleum (BP), Vietnam is listed among the 52 countries that have proven crude oil reserves. In 2015 the reserve was approximately 4.4 billion barrels ranking Vietnam first place in Southeast Asia, while the proven gas reserves were about 0.6 trillion cubic metres (tcm) and ranking it third in Southeast Asia after Indonesia and Malaysia.[353]

    Telecommunication

    Telecommunications services in Vietnam are wholly provided by the Vietnam Post and Telecommunications General Corporation (now the

    state-owned company.[354] The VNPT retained its monopoly until 1986. The telecom sector was reformed in 1995 when the Vietnamese government began to implement a competitive policy with the creation of two domestic telecommunication companies, the Military Electronic and Telecommunication Company (Viettel, which is wholly owned by the Vietnamese Ministry of Defence) and the Saigon Post and Telecommunication Company (SPT or SaigonPostel), with 18% of it owned by VNPT.[354] VNPT's monopoly was finally ended by the government in 2003 with the issuance of a decree.[355] By 2012, the top three telecom operators in Vietnam were Viettel, Vinaphone and MobiFone. The remaining companies included: EVNTelecom, Vietnammobile and S-Fone.[356] With the shift towards a more market-orientated economy, Vietnam's telecommunications market is continuously being reformed to attract foreign investment, which includes the supply of services and the establishment of nationwide telecom infrastructure.[357]

    Water supply and sanitation

    Stream flowing down a hill with a bridge crossing it
    In rural areas of Vietnam, piped water systems are operated by a wide variety of institutions including a national organisation, people committees (local government), community groups, co-operatives and private companies.

    Vietnam has 2,360 rivers with an average annual discharge of 310 billion . The rainy season accounts for 70% of the year's discharge.[358] Most of the country's urban water supply systems have been developed without proper management within the last 10 years. Based on a 2008 survey by the Vietnam Water Supply and Sewerage Association (VWSA), existing water production capacity exceeded demand, but service coverage is still sparse. Most of the clean water supply infrastructure is not widely developed. It is only available to a small proportion of the population with about one third of 727 district towns having some form of piped water supply.[359] There is also concern over the safety of existing water resources for urban and rural water supply systems. Most industrial factories release their untreated wastewater directly into the water sources. Where the government does not take measures to address the issue, most domestic wastewater is discharged, untreated, back into the environment and pollutes the surface water.[359]

    In recent years, there have been some efforts and collaboration between local and foreign universities to develop access to safe water in the country by introducing water filtration systems. There is a growing concern among local populations over the serious public health issues associated with water contamination caused by pollution as well as the high levels of arsenic in groundwater sources.[360] The government of Netherlands has been providing aid focusing its investments mainly on water-related sectors including water treatment projects.[361][362][363] Regarding sanitation, 78% of Vietnam's population has access to "improved" sanitation—94% of the urban population and 70% of the rural population. However, there are still about 21 million people in the country lacking access to "improved" sanitation according to a survey conducted in 2015.[364] In 2018, the construction ministry said the country's water supply, and drainage industry had been applying hi-tech methods and information technology (IT) to sanitation issues but faced problems like limited funding, climate change, and pollution.[365] The health ministry has also announced that water inspection units will be established nationwide beginning in June 2019. Inspections are to be conducted without notice, since there have been many cases involving health issues caused by poor or polluted water supplies as well unhygienic conditions reported every year.[366]

    Health

    Development of life expectancy in Vietnam since 1950

    By 2015, 97% of the population had access to improved water sources.

    impacts upon the Vietnamese people that persist in the country today.[373][374] For instance, it led to three million Vietnamese people suffering health problems, one million birth defects caused directly by exposure to the chemical and 24% of Vietnam's land being defoliated.[375]

    Since the early 2000s, Vietnam has made significant progress in combating

    acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS); 9,554 have died.[381] The actual number of HIV-positive individuals is estimated to be much higher. On average between 40 and 50 new infections are reported daily in the country. In 2007, 0.4% of the population was estimated to be infected with HIV and the figure has remained stable since 2005.[382] More global aid is being delivered through The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria to fight the spread of the disease in the country.[378] In September 2018, the Hanoi People's Committee urged the citizens of the country to stop eating dog and cat meat as it can cause diseases like rabies and leptospirosis. More than 1,000 stores in the capital city of Hanoi were found to be selling both meats. The decision prompted positive comments among Vietnamese on social media, though some noted that the consumption of dog meat will remain an ingrained habit among many people.[383]

    Education

    Vietnam has an extensive state-controlled network of schools, colleges, and universities and a growing number of privately run and partially privatised institutions. General education in Vietnam is divided into five categories:

    Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (Australia). The government's strong commitment to education has fostered significant growth but still need to be sustained to retain academics. In 2018, a decree on university autonomy allowing them to operate independently without ministerial control is in its final stages of approval. The government will continue investing in education especially for the poor to have access to basic education.[391]

    Demographics

    Vietnam population pyramid in 2019

    Ethnic groups of Vietnam[392]

      Vietnamese (85.32%)
      Other (14.68%)

    As of 2021, the population of Vietnam stands at approximately 97.5 million people.

    Thái and Nùng.[395] Many ethnic minorities such as the Muong, who are closely related to the Kinh, dwell in the highlands which cover two-thirds of Vietnam's territory.[396]

    Since the partition of Vietnam, the population of the

    Degar (including more than 40 tribal groups); however, the South Vietnamese government at the time enacted a program of resettling Kinh in indigenous areas.[397][398] The Hoa (ethnic Chinese) and Khmer Krom people are mainly lowlanders.[392][399] Throughout Vietnam's history, many Chinese people, largely from South China, migrated to the country as administrators, merchants and even refugees.[400] Since the reunification in 1976, an increase of communist policies nationwide resulted in the nationalisation and confiscation of property especially from the Hoa in the south and the wealthy in cities. This led many of them to leave Vietnam.[401][402]

    Urbanisation

    Ho Chi Minh City's District 1 skyline photographed at night
    District 1, Ho Chi Minh City

    The number of people who live in urbanised areas in 2019 is 33,122,548 people (with the urbanisation rate at 34.4%).[2] Since 1986, Vietnam's urbanisation rates have surged rapidly after the Vietnamese government implemented the Đổi Mới economic program, changing the system into a socialist one and liberalising property rights. As a result, Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City (the two major cities in the Red River Delta and Southeast regions respectively) increased their share of the total urban population from 8.5% and 24.9% to 15.9% and 31% respectively.[403] The Vietnamese government, through its construction ministry, forecasts the country will have a 45% urbanisation rate by 2020 although it was confirmed to only be 34.4% according to the 2019 census.[2] Urbanisation is said to have a positive correlation with economic growth. Any country with higher urbanisation rates has a higher GDP growth rate.[404] Furthermore, the urbanisation movement in Vietnam is mainly between the rural areas and the country's Southeast region. Ho Chi Minh City has received a large number of migrants due mainly to better weather and economic opportunities.[405]

    A study also shows that rural-to-urban area migrants have a higher standard of living than both non-migrants in rural areas and non-migrants in urban areas. This results in changes to economic structures. In 1985, agriculture made up 37.2% of Vietnam's GDP; in 2008, that number had declined to 18.5%.[406] In 1985, industry made up only 26.2% of Vietnam's GDP; by 2008, that number had increased to 43.2%. Urbanisation also helps to improve basic services which increase people's standards of living. Access to electricity grew from 14% of total households with electricity in 1993 to above 96% in 2009.[406] In terms of access to fresh water, data from 65 utility companies shows that only 12% of households in the area covered by them had access to the water network in 2002; by 2007, more than 70% of the population was connected. Though urbanisation has many benefits, it has some drawbacks since it creates more traffic, and air and water pollution.[406]

    Many Vietnamese use mopeds for transportation, since they are relatively cheap and easy to operate. Their large numbers have been known to cause traffic congestion and air pollution in Vietnam. In the capital city alone, the number of mopeds increased from 0.5 million in 2001 to 4.7 million in 2013.[406] With rapid development, factories have sprung up which indirectly pollute the air and water, for example in the 2016 Vietnam marine life disaster.[407] The government is intervening and attempting solutions to decrease air pollution by decreasing the number of motorcycles while increasing public transportation. It has introduced more regulations for waste handling. The amount of solid waste generated in urban areas of Vietnam has increased by more than 200% from 2003 to 2008. Industrial solid waste accounted for 181% of that increase. One of the government's efforts includes attempting to promote campaigns that encourage locals to sort household waste, since waste sorting is still not practised by most of Vietnamese society.[408]

     
    Rank Name Province Pop. Rank Name Province Pop.
    Hanoi
    Hanoi
    1 Ho Chi Minh City Municipality 8,993,082 11 Tân Uyên Bình Dương 466,053 Haiphong
    Haiphong
    Cần Thơ
    Cần Thơ
    2 Hanoi Municipality 8,053,663 12 Nha Trang Khánh Hòa 422,601
    3 Haiphong Municipality 2,028,514 13 Dĩ An Bình Dương 403,760
    4 Cần Thơ Municipality 1,235,171 14 Buôn Ma Thuột Đắk Lắk 375,590
    5 Da Nang Municipality 1,134,310 15 Thanh Hóa Thanh Hóa 359,910
    6 Biên Hòa Đồng Nai 1,055,414 16 Vũng Tàu Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu 357,124
    7 Thủ Đức Ho Chi Minh City 1,013,795 17 Thái Nguyên Thái Nguyên 340,403
    8 Huế Thừa Thiên Huế 652,572 18 Vinh Nghệ An 339,114
    9 Thuận An Bình Dương 508,433 19 Thủ Dầu Một Bình Dương 321,607
    10 Hải Dương Hải Dương 508,190 20 Hạ Long Quảng Ninh 300,267
    1. ^ Some cities were established or expanded after the 2019 census was conducted, including Thủ Đức,[410] Huế,[411] Thuận An,[412] Hải Dương,[413] Dĩ An,[412] and Hạ Long.[414]

    Religion

    Religion in Vietnam (2019)[2]

      Vietnamese folk religion or no religion (86.32%)
      Buddhism (4.79%)
      Catholicism (6.1%)
      Protestantism (1.0%)
      Hoahaoism (1.02%)
      Caodaism (0.58%)
      Islam (0.07%)
      Others (0.12%)

    Under Article 70 of the 1992 Constitution of Vietnam, all citizens enjoy freedom of belief and religion.[415] All religions are equal before the law and each place of worship is protected under Vietnamese state law. Religious beliefs cannot be misused to undermine state law and policies.[415][416] According to a 2007 survey 81% of Vietnamese people did not believe in a god.[417] Based on government findings in 2009, the number of religious people increased by 932,000.[418] The official statistics, presented by the Vietnamese government to the United Nations special rapporteur in 2014, indicate the overall number of followers of recognised religions is about 24 million of a total population of almost 90 million.[419] According to the General Statistics Office of Vietnam in 2019, Buddhists account for 4.79% of the total population, Catholics 6.1%, Protestants 1.0%, Hoahao Buddhists 1.02%, and Caodaism followers 0.58%.[2] Other religions includes Islam, Bahaʼís and Hinduism, representing less than 0.2% of the population.

    The majority of Vietnamese do not follow any organised religion, though many of them observe some form of

    Cham minority.[427] There are also a few Kinh adherents of Islam, other minority adherents of Baha'i, as well as Hindus among the Cham's.[428][429]

    Languages

    The

    Nùng and Hmong. The Montagnard peoples of the Central Highlands also speak a number of distinct languages, some belonging to the Austroasiatic and others to the Malayo-Polynesian language families.[430] In recent years, a number of sign languages
    have developed in the major cities.

    A sample of traditional Vietnamese calligraphy
    Vietnamese calligraphy in Latin alphabet

    The French language, a legacy of colonial rule, is spoken by many educated Vietnamese as a second language[citation needed], especially among the older generation and those educated in the former South Vietnam, where it was a principal language in administration, education and commerce. Vietnam remains a full member of the International Organisation of the Francophonie (La Francophonie) and education has revived some interest in the language.[431] Russian, and to a lesser extent German, Czech and Polish are known among some northern Vietnamese whose families had ties with the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War.[432] With improved relations with Western countries and recent reforms in Vietnamese administration, English has been increasingly used as a second language and the study of English is now obligatory in most schools either alongside or in place of French.[433][434] The popularity of Japanese, Korean, and Mandarin Chinese have also grown as the country's ties with other East Asian nations have strengthened.[435][436][437] Third-graders can choose one of seven languages (English, Russian, French, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, German) as their first foreign language.[438][439][440] In Vietnam's high school graduation examinations, students can take their foreign language exam in one of the above-mentioned languages.[441]

    Culture

    Municipal Theatre
    (Saigon Opera House) in Ho Chi Minh City

    Vietnamese culture is considered part of

    Khmer culture are evidenced through the remains of ruins, artefacts as well within their population as the successor of the ancient Sa Huỳnh culture.[449][450] In recent centuries, Western cultures have become popular among recent generations of Vietnamese.[443]

    Photograph of two girls wearing a traditional Vietnamese white school uniform, the áo dài—both are holding the nón lá, a conical hat
    Vietnamese traditional white school uniform for girls in the country, the áo dài with the addition of nón lá, a conical hat

    The traditional focuses of Vietnamese culture are based on humanity (nhân nghĩa) and harmony (hòa) in which family and community values are highly regarded.[447] Vietnam reveres a number of key cultural symbols,[451] such as the Vietnamese dragon which is derived from crocodile and snake imagery; Vietnam's national father, Lạc Long Quân is depicted as a holy dragon.[445][452][453] The lạc is a holy bird representing Vietnam's national mother Âu Cơ. Other prominent images that are also revered are the turtle, buffalo and horse.[454] Many Vietnamese also believe in the supernatural and spiritualism where illness can be brought on by a curse or sorcery or caused by non-observance of a religious ethic. Traditional medical practitioners, amulets and other forms of spiritual protection and religious practices may be employed to treat the ill person.[455] In the modern era, the cultural life of Vietnam has been deeply influenced by government-controlled media and cultural programs.[443] For many decades, foreign cultural influences, especially those of Western origin, were shunned. But since the recent reformation, Vietnam has seen a greater exposure to neighbouring Southeast Asian, East Asian as well to Western culture and media.[456]

    The main Vietnamese formal dress, the

    Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park, Hội An and Mỹ Sơn, coastal regions such as Nha Trang, the caves of Hạ Long Bay and the Marble Mountains.[460][461]

    Literature

    A scroll showing a Vietnamese dragon
    Vietnamese dragon on Emperor Vĩnh Hựu's c. 1736 edict conferring a title.

    Vietnamese literature has centuries-deep history and the country has a rich tradition of

    culture heroes (Sơn Tinh and Thủy Tinh) which are referred to as a mountain and water spirit respectively and many other folklore tales.[448][466]

    Music

    Three musicians are performing on a stage.
    Ca trù trio performance in northern Vietnam

    Traditional Vietnamese music varies between the country's northern and southern regions.

    Hát chầu văn or hát văn is used to invoke spirits during ceremonies. Nhạc dân tộc cải biên is a modern form of Vietnamese folk music which arose in the 1950s, while ca trù (also known as hát ả đào) is a popular folk music. can be thought of as the southern style of Quan họ. There is a range of traditional instruments, including the đàn bầu (a monochord zither), the đàn gáo (a two-stringed fiddle with coconut body), and the đàn nguyệt (a two-stringed fretted moon lute). In recent times, there have been some efforts at mixing Vietnamese traditional music—especially folk music—with modern music to revive and promote national music in the modern context and educate the younger generations about Vietnam's traditional musical instruments and singing styles.[470] Bolero music has gained popularity in the country since the 1930s, albeit with a different style—a combination of traditional Vietnamese music with Western elements.[471] In the 21st century, the modern Vietnamese pop music industry known as V-pop incorporates elements of many popular genres worldwide, such as electronic, dance and R&B.[472][473]

    Cuisine

    phở noodle, chè fruit dessert, chả giò spring roll, and bánh mì
    sandwich

    Traditionally, Vietnamese cuisine is based around five fundamental taste "elements" (

    nước mía (sugarcane juice) and trà sen (Vietnamese lotus tea).[481]

    Media

    Shown is the logo of the state broadcaster Vietnam Television.
    Vietnam Television (VTV), the main state television station

    Vietnam's media sector is regulated by the government under the 2004 Law on Publication.[482] It is generally perceived that the country's media sector is controlled by the government and follows the official communist party line, though some newspapers are relatively outspoken.[483][484] The Voice of Vietnam (VOV) is the official state-run national radio broadcasting service, broadcasting internationally via shortwave using rented transmitters in other countries and providing broadcasts from its website, while Vietnam Television (VTV) is the national television broadcasting company. Since 1997, Vietnam has regulated public internet access extensively using both legal and technical means. The resulting lockdown is widely referred to as the "Bamboo Firewall".[485] The collaborative project OpenNet Initiative classifies Vietnam's level of online political censorship to be "pervasive",[486] while Reporters Without Borders (RWB) considers Vietnam to be one of 15 global "internet enemies".[487] Though the government of Vietnam maintains that such censorship is necessary to safeguard the country against obscene or sexually explicit content, many political and religious websites that are deemed to be undermining state authority are also blocked.[488]

    Holidays and festivals

    A large round white fabric band decorated with red figures and images for Tết
    Special Tết decoration in the country seen during the holiday

    The country has eleven national recognised holidays. These include:

    Tết Trung Thu and various temple and nature festivals.[495] In the highlands, Elephant Race Festivals are held annually during the spring; riders will ride their elephants for about 1.6 km (0.99 mi) and the winning elephant will be given sugarcane.[496] Traditional Vietnamese weddings remain widely popular.[497]

    Sports

    Mỹ Đình National Stadium in Hanoi

    The

    ping-pong and chess are also widely popular. Vietnam has participated in the Summer Olympic Games since 1952. After the partition of the country in 1954, only South Vietnam competed in the games, sending athletes to the 1956 and 1972 Olympics. Since the reunification of Vietnam in 1976, it has competed as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, attending every Summer Olympics from 1988 onwards. The present Vietnam Olympic Committee was formed in 1976 and recognised by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1979.[506] Vietnam has never participated in the Winter Olympic Games. In 2016, Vietnam won their first gold medal at the Olympics.[507] Basketball has become an increasingly popular sport in Vietnam, especially in Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi and Sóc Trăng.[508]

    See also

    Notes

    1. ^ The census data was also cited in the United States Department of State's 2022 Report on International Religious Freedom regarding Vietnam. However, the report indicated that this figure didn't include the potentially significant number of individuals who engage in Buddhist practices to a certain extent without being formally participated in a Buddhist religious group.[3] An earlier United States Department of State report from 2019 revealed that 26.4 percent of the population identified with an organized religion. This breakdown included 14.9 percent identifying as Buddhist, 7.4 percent as Roman Catholic, 1.5 percent as Hoa Hao Buddhist, 1.2 percent as Cao Dai, and 1.1 percent as Protestant. The remainder did not identify with any religious group or observed beliefs such as animism or the reverence of ancestors, tutelary and protective saints, national heroes, or esteemed local figures.[4]
    2. ^ In effect since 1 January 2014.[6]
    3. ^ The area of Vietnam mentioned here is based on the land area statistics provided by the Vietnamese government. However, alternative figures exist. According to the CIA World Factbook, Vietnam's total area is 331,210 square kilometers,[8] while the BBC cites a slightly different measurement of 331,699 square kilometers.[9]
    4. ^ Vietnamese: Việt Nam [vîət nāːm]
    5. ^ The spelling "Viet Nam" or the full Vietnamese form "Việt Nam" is sometimes used in English by local and government-operated media. "Viet Nam" is, in fact, formally designated and recognized by the Government of Vietnam, the United Nations and the International Organization for Standardization as the standardized country name. See also other spellings.
    6. ^ Alternatively the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam with the different spelling for "Vietnam"
    7. ^ a b At first, Gia Long requested the name "Nam Việt", but the Jiaqing Emperor refused.[16][23]
    8. ^ Neither the American government nor Ngô Đình Diệm's State of Vietnam signed anything at the 1954 Geneva Conference. The non-communist Vietnamese delegation objected strenuously to any division of Vietnam; however, the French accepted the Việt Minh proposal[118] that Vietnam be united by elections under the supervision of "local commissions".[119] The United States, with the support of South Vietnam and the United Kingdom, countered with the "American Plan",[120] which provided for United Nations-supervised unification elections. The plan, however, was rejected by Soviet and other communist delegations.[121]

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