History of Song (book)

The History of Song or Song Shi (Chinese: 宋史; pinyin: Sòng Shǐ; Wade–Giles: Sung Shih) is one of the official Chinese historical works known as the Twenty-Four Histories of China that records the history of the Song dynasty (960–1279). It was commissioned in 1343 and compiled under the direction of First Minister Toqto'a and Prime Minister Alutu (traditional Chinese: 阿魯圖; simplified Chinese: 阿鲁图) during the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368) at the same time as the History of Liao and the History of Jin. Running to a total of 496 chapters, the History of Song includes biographies of the Song Emperors along with contemporary records and biographical sketches of Song dynasty politicians, soldiers and philosophers.

Publication process

Content

The History of Song with its 496 chapters is the largest of the Twenty-Four Histories.

Four chapters are dedicated to Confucian scholars feature individuals such as Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi, Zhang Zai, Zhou Dunyi, and Zhu Xi.

Chien includes a translation to English of the treatise on the salt monopoly contained in volumes 181–183.^[3] This treatise is the largest of the treatises in the Finance and Economics (食貨) section. Chien also includes maps in English corresponding to the main administrative regions described in volumes 85–90 comprising the Geography (地理) section.

Evaluation

The ideology behind the History of Song is that of

Despite both the History of Song and the History of Jin being completed at the same time they are different in many ways. the History of Song records Yue Fei emerging victorious from every battle with the Jin dynasty,^{[note 1]} yet the History of Jin barely mentions Emperor Taizu of Jin's capture of Bozhou, Shunchangfu (順昌府), Ruzhou and Songzhou (嵩州) when Yue Fei and other commanders withdrew from the battle. Information in the History of Song regarding Yue Fei all comes from a work by his descendant Yue Ke's (岳珂) Eguo Jintuo Zuibian (鄂國金佗稡編, literally: 'Record of the Jin in Hubei'), the reliability of which is questioned by some sources, for example whether the Battle of Yancheng (郾城之戰) really was a great victory for the Song^{[note 2]} and if the claim regarding Yue Fei's twelve gold medals is true.^{[note 3]} Furthermore, there remains the issue of whether Yu Fei's troops left the people unharmed as is sometimes claimed.^{[note 4]} Qing dynasty poet and historian Zhao Yi (趙翼) covers this in his Twenty-two Historical Sketches (《二十二史劄記》) under a section regarding observations on the Song and Jin armies (宋金用兵需參觀二史).

Because the History of Song was prepared in a hurry and was the work of many editors, it contains a number of unavoidable errors and contradictions;^[2] for example, an individual with two biographical entries is Li Xijing (李熙靖), who appears in chapter 116 of the historical biographies section then again in chapter 222. The work also covers the Northern and Early Southern Song Dynasties in detail with only an outline of the later Southern Song dynasty. There are more biographies of individuals from the Northern Song period, for example the Wenyuan Zhuan (文苑傳) covers a total of 96 people of which only 11 are from the Southern Song era. The History of Song is also considered the most disordered of the 24 Dynastic Histories. Zhao Yi comments: "When the Yuan dynasty wrote the history of the overthrown Song they probably just arranged preexisting Song texts." The Qing dynasty Siku Quanshu (《四庫全書總目》) collection of books says that the "main purpose of the History of Song is as a tribute to the Song emperors and their Confucianism. Attention is not paid to other matters so there are a great number of errors". In 1977, Zhonghua Publishing issued a new version of the History of Song with corrections to the punctuation.

Later influence

Since the time of its publication, successive dynasties have produced commentaries on the History of Song. In 1546, Ming dynasty author Wang Zhu (王洙) completed his 100 chapter Supplement to the History of Song to be followed in 1561 by Ke Weiqi's (柯維祺) 200 chapter Songshi Xinbian (宋史新編) and the 250 chapter Songshi Ji (宋史記) written by Wang Weijian (王惟儉).

During the Qing dynasty, Chen Huangzhong (陳黃中) wrote the Songshi Gao (宋史稿) running to 219 chapters. Chen Xinyuan (陸心源) produced the 40 chapter Songshi Yi (宋史翼).

In Korea, Jeongjo of Joseon wrote the Songshi Qian (宋史筌) with 148 chapters. All these works correct some of the shortcomings of the History of Song but are no substitute for the original.

During the final years of the Qing Qianlong Emperor (r. 1735–1796 CE), historian Shao Jinhan (邵晉涵) along with Qian Daxin (錢大昕) and Zhang Xuecheng (章學誠) worked to revamp the History of Song. Shao produced his Biographical sketch of the Southern Song (南都事略), then went back to work on the History of Song but died before it was completed.

See also

• History of the Song dynasty

Notes

References

Citations

1. ^ Chan (2014), pp. 62–64.
2. ^ ^{a b c} "The History of the Song Dynasty". Retrieved September 1, 2010.
3. ^ Chien (2004), p. 93.

Sources

• Chan, Hok-lam (2014). "Chinese Official History at the Yuan Court: The Compilation of the Liao, Chin, and Sung Histories". China Under Mongol Rule. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
• Chien, Cecilia Lee-fang (2004). Salt and State: An Annotated Translation of the Songshi Salt Monopoly Treatise. Michigan: Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan.

External links

Chinese Wikisource has original text related to this article:

History of Song (in Chinese)

 Chinese Wikiquote has quotations related to: History of Song (in Chinese)

• "Digitized version of the History of Jin" (in Chinese). Retrieved 2010-08-23.
• History of Song 《宋史》 Chinese text with matching English vocabulary