Iris bicapitata
Iris bicapitata | |
---|---|
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Monocots |
Order: | Asparagales |
Family: | Iridaceae |
Genus: | Iris |
Subgenus: | Iris subg. Iris |
Section: | Iris sect. Pogon |
Species: | I. bicapitata
|
Binomial name | |
Iris bicapitata | |
Synonyms[1] | |
None known |
Iris bicapitata is a plant species in the genus
Description
Iris bicapitata is similar in form to
It has a thick horizontal,[3] fleshy rhizome.[4] That is similar in form to other bearded irises.[5]
It has linear,[4] falcate (sickle shaped),[3] or acuminate (pointed) leaves.[4] They can grow up to between 30–50 cm (12–20 in) long,[2][3][5] (they are shorter than the flowering stem,[3]) and around 2.5 cm wide.[3][4] The tip of the leaves is membranous.[3]
It has a slender stem or peduncle, that can grow up to between 30–40 cm (12–16 in) tall.[6][7][8] But can reach up to 60 cm (24 in) in cultivation.[2][4][5]
The stem has carinated (ridged or keeled) spathes (leaves of the flower bud). They have (scarious) membranous or papery tips and violet tinged edges.[4]
The stems hold 2 terminal (top of stem) flowers.[2][5][8] Although rarely it can have 3 flowers.[4] Compared to other native irises, such as Iris lutescens and Iris pseudopumila who have one flower.[7][8]
The fragrant flowers,[2][4] (similar to roses,[5] and violets,[2][6][7]) bloom between March and May.[4][5][9] The flowers are very variable in colour,[2][6] they are polymorphic.[5] They can come in shades from white, yellow, blue, lilac, to violet.[2][5][10] They also can be bi-coloured.[2][6][7] The flower also can very rarely be pale yellow with violet veins, similar (but less than) to Iris variegata.[4] The most common colour is deep blue violet,[2][3][4] or purple blue.[5] The flowers are larger than Iris pseudopumila and Iris revoluta.[4]
Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large
It has perianth tube that is 4 cm long,[3] and a 1.5 cm long and 1.8 cm wide ovary.[4] It has blue stamens, a 4.5 cm long and 1.5 cm wide stigma and filaments longer than the anthers.[4]
After the iris has flowered, it produces an ovoid,[3] or obovate,(which is triangular in section), seed capsule.[4] It is 7.5 cm (3 in) long,[3] and 3.5 cm wide.[4]
Biochemistry
In 2012, a study was carried out on 4
As most irises are diploid, having two sets of
It is normally published as 2n=40.[2][6][12]
Taxonomy
It has the common names of 'Two-flowered Iris',[16] or 'Twin flowered Iris'.[10]
The Latin specific epithet bicapitata refers to 'bi' (two) 'capitata' (heads).[17] Due to the plant has two flowers at the top of its stem.[5][7][8]
On 1 April 1992, specimens were found in the Italian region of Apulia, between the towns of Apricena and Sanniandro Garganico. These have been used as a holotype (single physical example (or illustration) of an organism, known to have been used when the species (or lower-ranked taxon)) of Iris bicapitata.[18]
It was first published and described by Maria Colasante in 'Flora Mediterranea' (Fl. Medit.) Vol.6 on page 214 in 1996.[18][19]
Previously, specimens that have been found in the region, were classified as Iris lutescens, which also grows elsewhere in Italy (including near
It is
It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 4 April 2003, then updated on 2 December 2004.[19]
It is listed in the Encyclopedia of Life,[20] but Iris bicapitata is not yet a name accepted by the RHS, as of 16 September 2015.
Distribution and habitat
It is
Range
It is found in Italy,[18] in Apulia,[2][3][21] including within the Gargano Peninsula,[16][22] and the near the town of Monte St Angelo.[10]
Habitat
It grows on open sunny slopes,[2][5] or in meadows and between (sparsely spaced) shrubs,[3] on a limestone,[3][5] (or calcareous substrate).[2][4]
They can be found at an altitude of 600 to 1,000 m (2,000 to 3,300 ft) above sea level.[7][8][9]
Conservation
It is rare (not widely spread), but has abundant populations on the Gargano Peninsula.[2][5]
Cultivation
It is
It prefers to grow in well-drained soils,[7][8] containing limestone,[3][5] or calcareous soils.[2][4]
It likes positions in full sun[7][8][23]
It can be grown in a rock garden.[5]
In cultivation, it is thought that this species can re-bloom in the autumn.[2]
It is not very well found in plant nurseries,[2] only grown by plant collectors.[5]
Pollination
It is pollinated normally by bees (especially
Toxicity
Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), and if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Handling the plant may cause skin irritation or an allergic reaction.[24]
References
- ^ "Iris bicapitata Colas. is an accepted name". theplantlist.org (The Plant List). 23 March 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Dimatteo, Filippo (13 September 2008). "Iris bicapitata". signa.org (Species Iris Group of North America). Retrieved 14 September 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Grulch, Vit (10 February 2014). "Iris bicapitata Colas. – Iris". botany.cz. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Colasante, Maretta (1996). "Taxonomic note on some Italian Bearded Irises: Iris relicta Colas. nom. nov. and Iris bicapitata Colas. sp.nov" (PDF). Flora Mediterranea. 6: 213. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "Chapter I Rhizomatous Iris (Part 4) Pumilae". irisbotanique.over-blog.com. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f "Iris summary" (PDF). pacificbulbsociety.org. 14 April 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Iris bicapitata". rareplants.co.uk. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Iris bicapitata Colasante". mgflower.altervista.org. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
- ^ a b c "Scientific name Iris bicapitata". lurig.altervista.org. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
- ^ a b c "twin flowered iris (iris bicapitata)". paulharcourtdavies.com. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
- ^ ISBN 0881927309.
- ^ a b Williams, C. A.; Harborne, J. B.; Colasante, M. (2000). "The Pathway Of Chemical Evolution In Bearded Iris Species Based On Flavonoid And Xanthone Patterns" (PDF). Annali di Botanica. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
- ^ Flora Mediterranea, 6: 213–217
- ^ Inform. Bot. Ital., 35 (1): 198–207
- ^ "Iris bicapitata". biologia.unipi.it. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
- ^ a b "Two-flowered Iris Iris bicapitata". naturewatch.org.nz. 30 March 2010. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
- ^ D. Gledhill The Names of Plants, p. 90, at Google Books
- ^ a b c d "Iridaceae Iris bicapitata Colas". ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). Retrieved 12 September 2015.
- ^ a b c "Iris bicapitata". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
- ^ "Iris bicapitata". eol.org. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
- ^ Wagensommer, Robert Philipp; Medagli, Peter; Albano, A.; Peruzzi, Lorenzo; Bartolucci, Fabrizio; Villani, Mariacristina (December 2014). "Loci classic Italian endemic vascular plants described for Puglia". Informatore Botanico Italiano. 46 (2): 323–369. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
- ^ "The Gargano, Italy's Secret Garden". greentours.co.uk. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
- . Retrieved 14 September 2015.
- ^ David G Spoerke and Susan C. SmolinskeToxicity of Houseplants, p. 236, at Google Books
External links
- has many images of the iris flowers
- has several images of the iris
- Data related to Iris bicapitata at Wikispecies