Ivan Dumbadze
This article's factual accuracy is disputed. (February 2011) |
Ivan Antonovich Dumbadze | |
---|---|
H. I. M. Retinue | |
Other work | City Head of Yalta |
Ivan Antonovich Dumbadze (
Personal life
Ivan Dumbadze's father, Anton Dumbadze, came from a commoner family, however the maiden name of Ivan's mother,
All three brothers of Ivan Dumbadze – Joseph, Nicholas and Samson – also became Major-Generals in the Russian army.
Dumbadze was married three times, and had two daughters and five sons. Alexander Ivanovich Dumbadze, a son from his marriage with Gurieli, was a
Military career
Dumbadze attended the
In 1879 Dumbadze was assigned to the office of the military governor, the commander of the
In 1887 Dumbadze was assigned to the 3rd Caucasus Native Druzhina, in which he was also appointed the chairman of the court-martial of that regiment. In February 26, 1894, while at this rear position, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel, and in 1900 to the full colonel. In this period Dumbadze was close to some Georgian nationalist groups.[1][5]
On May 26, 1903, Colonel Dumbadze assumed the command of the 16th ("Emperor Alexander III") Infantry Regiment, and remained at this position through October 15, 1907.
Military and civil head of Yalta
Following an increased amount of social unrest in Russia after the October Manifesto of 1905, on October 26, 1906 Minister of Interior Pyotr Stolypin proclaimed a state of emergency in the popular resort city of Yalta. Both civilian executive and legislative powers (zemstvo) were suspended and transferred to General Vassily Novitsky, the Governor of Taurida. Because the governor's residence was in Simferopol, far from Yalta, Novitsky entrusted his rights as the military commandant of Yalta in to Colonel Dumbadze, for the protection of the tzar's summer residence in the Livadia neighborhood of Yalta.[1]
Historians defined the policies established at that time by Dumbadze in
A common phrase in Dumbadze's biographies is that he "acted in Yalta quite independently, quickly and decisively, sometimes ignoring existing laws and the opinions of the Senate".[3][6] His relations with press were also questionable. Although the Russian press was still officially censored, Dumbadze used his own additional means to suppress any criticism. When a newspaper dared to criticize him, Dumbadze immediately deported its correspondent from Crimea.[7] In violation of both the civil laws and the norms of an officer's honor Dumbadze challenged a civilian, a local journalist Pervukhin to a duel, he bragging: "Now I'll get rid of him without a warrant of deportation".[8]
Meanwhile, under the threat of a forced closing of local newspapers or jailing of their editors, Dumbadze required mandatory publication of materials he sent them.
Yalta was an elite resort without large factories, and thus no proletariat. So many people whom Dumbadze imprisoned, expelled from Yalta and declared political unreliable[1] were mostly people from the middle class and even nobility.
Dumbadze also admitted to publicly insulting an officer senior in rank to him, as wella as other acts of insubordination, among them insulting the Governor of Taurida, General
On June 20 [
Finally, in 1910 Dumbadze insulted the Governing Senate, the supreme legislative, judicial, and executive body of the Russian Empire, directly subordinated to the emperor. Senate was considering one of his civil cases at that time, and Dumbadze did not pay the stamp fee when he sent his solicitation there. Responding to meeting request from the Senate, he replied in an insulting manner that he "does not know any Senate...", does not want to pay, and "requests the Senate to leave him alone with its illegal demands."[13] The prosecution's case against Dumbadze for the contempt of the Senate failed, after one senator paid the required stamp duty.
Assassination attempt
Dumbadze was receiving death threats from the revolutionary parties, who offered him to resign or be killed. Dumbadze replied to this threats: "I was going to resign and already prepared report, but now I will stay at the active service, and prove that I do not fear any threats. I will devote all my life to the service to Tsar and Russia".[3]
On March 11 [
Dumbadze and Black hundreds
After the
In the eve of 1907 Christmas, on January 5 [O.S. December 23] 1907 Dumbadze reserved "Rossiya" ("Russia"), one of the best hotels of Yalta, for a congress and a celebration of the "Union of Genuinely Russian people" ("Союз истинно-русских людей"), the extremist nationalist organization. As a head of the city administration, Dumbadze ordered the local police (as the «Russian Word» newspaper noted, „in corpore”, Lat. „in full staff”) and security to ensure the full protection of this gathering. Dumbadze also addressed the mob with a speech.
As soon as "Union of Russian People" (URP), the largest Black Hundredists organization in Russia was instituted, Dumbadze established close ties with them. On September 14 [O.S. 1] 1907 the local organization of URP solemnly presented Dumbadze with a badge of membership.[17] After that Dumbadze consistently patronized URP, providing all kinds of support[3] including administrative pressure while imposing the distribution of their promotional materials.
Antisemitism, a specific feature of URP found deep appreciation and support from Dumbadze. He imposed on the inhabitants of Yalta the obligatory reading of the Black Hundreds' newspapers. Among them «Veche» («Вече») which daily carried a slogan "Get out, Kikes! — Russia is coming!" («Прочь жиды — Русь идёт»), this was replaced on October 16 [O.S. 8] 1908 with "The Kikes must be necessarily deported from Russia" («Жиды должны быть выселены из России обязательно»). These antisemitic appeals, bullying and unequivocal support for pogroms continued in the public life of the city. After a trip to Crimea Pyotr Stolypin told N. A. Khomyakov (the Chairman of the III Duma in 1907-1910) a touching story about their children singing in a choir offensive antisemitic ditties about O. Ya. Pergament — baptized Jew, a lawyer and a mathematician, a deputy of the same Third Duma:[18]
Жид Пергамент |
Kike Pergament |
—From: Кац, А. С.Евреи. Христианство. Россия. |
N. S. Mishchenko, a deputy chairman of the Kiev provincial Department of URP assessed Dumbadze activities within the context of his party in the most laudatory expressions:
Had Russia... two or three more like General Dumbadze, the entire Jewish alien revolution would have been uprooted, and all the judaizing (Russian: "жидовствующие") Russians would have bowed afront the sacred banner of the Union of Russian People.
— Brock, John Joseph., The theory and practice of the Union of the Russian People, 1905-1907
According to American Jewish Year Book, in August 1915 Dumbadze denied having anti-Jewish sentiments[19]
The world notorious fame came to General Dumbadze in 1909 when he provided the concealment of justice to
Russian authorities have actively resisted the investigation and the trial (although being a constituent part of the Russian Empire, the Grand Duchy of Finland was autonomous in its internal affairs and judicial proceedings). So when a Finnish court subpoenaed Dubrovin had to Terioki Dumbadze subpoenaed to testify as a witness, Dumbadze immediately gave him a refuge in his house in Yalta. This house was located on the territory of Livadia Palace, a summer residence of the tzar, guarded by security, headed by Dumbadze himself.[20]
All the attempts to bring Dubrovin to the trial failed. The New York Times wrote on these days:
But Dr. Dubrovin, the head of the criminal organization, is enjoying the sea breezes of Crimea, where he is protected by Governor General Dumbadze, a little distance away from Livadia, where the Czar is now spending his summer.
— Herman Bernstein, The New York Times, September 19, 1909
Later career and death
On May 31, 1907, Dumbadze was promoted to Major General. From October 15, 1907, through July 10, 1908, he was the commander of the 2nd Brigade of the 34th Infantry division, and through July 23, 1912, was listed as the commander of the 2nd Brigade of the 13th Infantry division.[4] On August 2 [O.S. July 20] 1908 he was appointed commander of the 2nd Brigade of the 13th Infantry division, and the Supreme Head of Yalta.
On August 4 [O.S. July 23] 1912, by the order of the Military minister, Dumbadze was dismissed from this position in the Infantry division, and in the same month from the office of the Supreme Head of Yalta; he was seconded to the reserve of the Military minister.[4]
In December 1912, Tzar
In August 1914, Dumbadze received a special sign on the St. George's Ribbon for "forty years of irreproachable service". However, by the beginning of
References
- Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g h i В. Р-в. (1913). "Думбадзе Иван Антонович" [Dumbadze Ivan Antonovich]. Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (in Russian).
- ^ a b Письма П. А. Столыпина Н. А. Хомякову [Letters of Stolypin to Khomyakov]. — This title supposes combining functions of both civilian (magisterial) and military administration.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Иванов, А. Истинно-русский грузин. Ялтинский градоначальник генерал-майор Иван Думбадзе [Genuine Russian Georgian. The City head of Yalta Maj. Gen. Ivan Dumbadze] (in Russian). Сайт православного информационного агентства «Русская линия».
- ^ a b c d e Думбадзе Иван Антонович [Dumbadze Ivan Antonovich] (in Russian). Русская армия в Первой мировой войне.
- ISBN 9785373021517.
Dumbadze... Initially was close to the Georgian nationalists
- ^ Leo Trotsky (1926) [December 4 [O.S. November 21] 1909]. Карл Маркс и Росссия в 1909 г. [Karl Marx and Russia in 1909]. L. Trotsky Works. vol. 4. Moscow-Leningrad.)
(biographical reference in a publisher's footnote)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - ^ a b Коцюбинский Д. А.; Лукоянов И. В. (2008). Григорий Ефимович Распутин [Grigory Rasputin] (in Russian). p. 366.
Imprisoned and expelled persons who have not shown any political unreliability, including an ailing 72-year old Privy Councilor Pyasetsky, because he refused to subscribe „Russkoye Znamya" and „Veche"...
- ^ a b c d Wrangel-Rokossowsky, C. (1995). Before the Storm. Tipo-Litografia Ligure.
- ISBN 9785719500232.
Пясецкая Полина Феодоровна, жена тайного советника, Р. 1 мая 1840 † 25 ноября 1901 (с. Кореиз Ялтинского у.)
- Pyotr Struve (2008) [1908]. "Обзоры". Русская мысль [Russian thought] (in Russian). Тип.-лит. Т-ва И.Н.Кушнерев и Ко. p. 170.
- ^ Vladimir Burtsev (1918). Былое [Past]. University of Michigan. p. 93. 678 pp.
- ^ "Действия администрации" [Activities of administration]. Русское слово (in Russian). Moscow: Газетные старости. June 1907.
{{cite news}}
: External link in
(help)|publisher=
- ISBN 9785811208111.
- ^ a b Bogdanovich A. (1990). Три последних самодержца [The three last autocrats] (in Russian). Moscow: Новости. p. 811.
However the coachman was wounded in his eye and the adjutant in the leg
- ^ a b "Покушение на полковника Думбадзе". Русское слово (in Russian). Moscow: Газетные старости. 1907.
{{cite news}}
: External link in
(help)|publisher=
- ISBN 9785824305555.
- ISBN 9780521483865.
- ^ Кац, А.С. (Alexander Katz) (2006) [1995]. "24. Царь и Дума". Великие противостояния [Great confrontations]. Евреи. Христианство. Россия. От пророков до генсеков (3rd ed.).
- ^ JULY 1, 1914, TO MAY 31, 1915 P. 59.
- S2CID 145372659. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2011-07-18. Retrieved 2017-11-18., p.17
- Sources
- В. Р-в. (1913). "Думбадзе Иван Антонович" [Dumbadze Ivan Antonovich]. Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (in Russian).
- Bernstein, Herman (September 19, 1909). "How two assassinations were carried in Russia" (PDF). The New York Times. New York.
- Brock, John Joseph (1972). The theory and practice of the Union of the Russian People, 1905-1907: a case study of "Black-Hundred" politics. University of Michigan. p. 238. 678 pp.
- Rawson, Don C. (1995). Russian rightists and the revolution of 1905. Cambridge University Press. pp. 150, 151. ISBN 0-521-48386-7.
- "Bomb at Yalta Commandant: Col. Dumbadze and Two Others Wounded". The New York Times. New York. March 12, 1907.
- Кац, Александр Семёнович (2006) [1995]. "24. Царь и Дума". Великие противостояния [Great confrontations]. Евреи. Христианство. Россия. От пророков до генсеков (3rd ed.).
- Переписка П.А.Столыпин,... Российский государственный исторический архив [P.A.Stolypin,... Russian State Historical Archive] (in Russian). Moscow: РОССПЭН. 2004. p. 199. ISBN 9785824305555.