J-integral
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The J-integral represents a way to calculate the
Experimental methods were developed using the integral that allowed the measurement of critical fracture properties in sample sizes that are too small for Linear Elastic
The J-integral is equal to the
The quantity J is not path-independent for monotonic mode I and mode II loading of elastic-plastic materials, so only a contour very close to the crack tip gives the energy release rate. Also, Rice showed that J is path-independent in plastic materials when there is no non-proportional loading. Unloading is a special case of this, but non-proportional plastic loading also invalidates the path-independence. Such non-proportional loading is the reason for the path-dependence for the in-plane loading modes on elastic-plastic materials.
Two-dimensional J-integral
The two-dimensional J-integral was originally defined as[3] (see Figure 1 for an illustration)
where W(x1,x2) is the strain energy density, x1,x2 are the coordinate directions, t = [σ]n is the
The J-integral around a crack tip is frequently expressed in a more general form[citation needed] (and in index notation) as
where is the component of the J-integral for crack opening in the direction and is a small region around the crack tip. Using Green's theorem we can show that this integral is zero when the boundary is closed and encloses a region that contains no
Rice also showed that the value of the J-integral represents the energy release rate for planar crack growth. The J-integral was developed because of the difficulties involved in computing the stress close to a crack in a nonlinear elastic or elastic-plastic material. Rice showed that if monotonic loading was assumed (without any plastic unloading) then the J-integral could be used to compute the energy release rate of plastic materials too.
Proof that the J-integral is zero over a closed path To show the path independence of the J-integral, we first have to show that the value of is zero over a closed contour in a simply connected domain. Let us just consider the expression for which is We can write this as
From Green's theorem (or the two-dimensional divergence theorem) we have
Using this result we can express as
where is the area enclosed by the contour . Now, if there are no body forces present, equilibrium (conservation of linear momentum) requires that
Also,
Therefore,
From the balance of angular momentum we have . Hence,
The J-integral may then be written as
Now, for an elastic material the stress can be derived from the stored energy function using
Then, if the elastic modulus tensor is homogeneous, using the chain rule of differentiation,
Therefore, we have for a closed contour enclosing a simply connected region without any elastic inhomogeneity, such as voids and cracks.
Proof that the J-integral is path-independent Consider the contour . Since this contour is closed and encloses a simply connected region, the J-integral around the contour is zero, i.e.
assuming that counterclockwise integrals around the crack tip have positive sign. Now, since the crack surfaces are parallel to the axis, the normal component on these surfaces. Also, since the crack surfaces are traction free, . Therefore,
Therefore,
and the J-integral is path independent.
J-integral and fracture toughness
For isotropic, perfectly brittle, linear elastic materials, the J-integral can be directly related to the fracture toughness if the crack extends straight ahead with respect to its original orientation.[6]
For plane strain, under Mode I loading conditions, this relation is
where is the critical strain energy release rate, is the fracture toughness in Mode I loading, is the Poisson's ratio, and E is the Young's modulus of the material.
For Mode II loading, the relation between the J-integral and the mode II fracture toughness () is
For Mode III loading, the relation is
Elastic-plastic materials and the HRR solution
Hutchinson, Rice and Rosengren
where σ is the stress in uniaxial tension, σy is a yield stress, ε is the strain, and εy = σy/E is the corresponding yield strain. The quantity E is the elastic Young's modulus of the material. The model is parametrized by α, a dimensionless constant characteristic of the material, and n, the coefficient of work hardening. This model is applicable only to situations where the stress increases monotonically, the stress components remain approximately in the same ratios as loading progresses (proportional loading), and there is no unloading.
If a far-field tensile stress σfar is applied to the body shown in the adjacent figure, the J-integral around the path Γ1 (chosen to be completely inside the elastic zone) is given by
Since the total integral around the crack vanishes and the contributions along the surface of the crack are zero, we have
If the path Γ2 is chosen such that it is inside the fully plastic domain, Hutchinson showed that
where K is a stress amplitude, (r,θ) is a polar coordinate system with origin at the crack tip, s is a constant determined from an asymptotic expansion of the stress field around the crack, and I is a dimensionless integral. The relation between the J-integrals around Γ1 and Γ2 leads to the constraint
and an expression for K in terms of the far-field stress
where β = 1 for
The asymptotic expansion of the stress field and the above ideas can be used to determine the stress and strain fields in terms of the J-integral:
where and are dimensionless functions.
These expressions indicate that J can be interpreted as a plastic analog to the stress intensity factor (K) that is used in linear elastic fracture mechanics, i.e., we can use a criterion such as J > JIc as a crack growth criterion.
See also
- Fracture toughness
- Toughness
- Fracture mechanics
- Stress intensity factor
- Nature of the slip band local field
References
- ^ a b Van Vliet, Krystyn J. (2006); "3.032 Mechanical Behavior of Materials"
- ^ G. P. Cherepanov, The propagation of cracks in a continuous medium, Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, 31(3), 1967, pp. 503–512.
- ^ a b J. R. Rice, A Path Independent Integral and the Approximate Analysis of Strain Concentration by Notches and Cracks, Journal of Applied Mechanics, 35, 1968, pp. 379–386.
- ^ Meyers and Chawla (1999): "Mechanical Behavior of Materials," 445–448.
- ^ a b Yoda, M., 1980, The J-integral fracture toughness for Mode II, Int. J. Fracture, 16(4), pp. R175–R178.
- doi:10.1016/0022-5096(68)90013-6, archived from the originalon September 4, 2013
- ^ Ramberg, Walter; Osgood, William R. (1943), "Description of stress-strain curves by three parameters", US National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, 902
External links
- J. R. Rice, "A Path Independent Integral and the Approximate Analysis of Strain Concentration by Notches and Cracks", Journal of Applied Mechanics, 35, 1968, pp. 379–386.
- Van Vliet, Krystyn J. (2006); "3.032 Mechanical Behavior of Materials", [2]
- X. Chen (2014), "Path-Independent Integral", In: Encyclopedia of Thermal Stresses, edited by R. B. Hetnarski, Springer, ISBN 978-9400727380.
- Nonlinear Fracture Mechanics Notes by Prof. John Hutchinson (from Harvard University)
- Notes on Fracture of Thin Films and Multilayers by Prof. John Hutchinson (from Harvard University)
- Mixed mode cracking in layered materials by Profs. John Hutchinson and Zhigang Suo (from Harvard University)
- Fracture Mechanics by Piet Schreurs (from TU Eindhoven, The Netherlands)
- Introduction to Fracture Mechanics by Dr. C. H. Wang (DSTO - Australia)
- Fracture mechanics course notes by Prof. Rui Huang (from Univ. of Texas at Austin)
- HRR solutions by Ludovic Noels (University of Liege)