Jor (music)

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In Hindustani classical music, the jor (Hindi: जोर, [dʒoːr]; also spelt jod and jhor) is a formal section of composition in the long elaboration (alap) of a raga that forms the beginning of a performance. It comes after alap and precedes jhala, the climax.[1] Jor is the instrumental equivalent of nomtom in the dhrupad vocal style of Indian music. Both have a simple pulse but no well-defined rhythmic cycle.[2]

Jor
EtymologyIndian in Hindi: जोर
Other namesJod or Jhor
Cultural originsAround the 12th Century, India northern regions of the Indian subcontinent, namely India, Pakistan and Bangladesh
Typical instruments
Subgenres

Origin and terminology

Jor (or jod) is an instrumental interpretation of nomtom which is an introductory style that is characterised by its modest rhythm and lack of rhythmic cycle (also known as tal).[3] Jor is present in most Hindustani classical music through the raga, as an articulate and rapid pulse that the alap transitions into, followed by jhala.[4]

In Hindustani music

Indian classical music is divided into 2 sections: Hindustani and Carnatic Music. Both musical styles inhabit the core traditions of India culture, and are portrayed as one of the most prestigious types of music.  These two traditional types of music are both defined by the Sanskrit term "sangita" which refers to the fusion of all the elements, of song, instrumental music and dance.[1] Hindustani Music is primarily found in the Northern areas of India, Bangladesh and Pakistan. The oral nature of North Indian Music allows for expressive communication between the performers and audience.[5] Raga and Dhrupad are the two main forms of Hindustani classical music and form the prominent structure of Indian Classical Music.[6] The musical section of Jor is prominent in Raga and follows the cyclical and linear progression of Hindustani music.[7]

Raga

The concept of Raga (Rag) can be divided into 5 different components as proposed by Nazir Ali Jairazbhoy:[8]

  1. Scale
  2. Ascending and descending line
  3. Transilience
  4. Emphasised notes and register
  5. Intonation and obligatory
    embellishments

Raga is derived from Sanskrit, a classical language from South Asia, and is defined as "the act of colouring and dyeing."[8] Amongst Indian Classical Music, raga is identified as the basic melodic framework and acts as a communication medium for two musicians. In the Raga there is a constant interplay between what is learnt from the performance, what is known and what is continued through improvisation.[9] A raga utilises a particular scale and combines it with prototypical melodic patterns, creating combinations of tonic intervals which evoke unique emotions.[4]

A typical raga

composition is shown as sequences of events, starting with the alap and followed by the gat. A performance of raga depends on the balance between the melody and the way the audience and performer engage with the material.[10] The Jor is situated between the Alap and Jhala, commonly known as the instrumental Alap-Jor-Jhala-Gat format. This framework details the unmetered instrumental structure of the Raga, which is performed with a regular pulse and over a wider melodic range.[11] This format is the foundation of Dhrupad as was introduced into the West in the 20th century.[12]

Vinod Kumar Dwivedi performing Dhrupad

In a full performance, the Raga can be split into three sections, the alap, jor and jhala. Jor and Alap acts as equivalents to one another, and the

vocalist or an instrumentalist
.

Dhrupad

Dhrupad is another form of Raga that is older and restricts the Alap, Jor and Jhala sections in such a way that is heard more frequently in present day.[3] This genre of Indian Music formed the foundation for the Alap-Jor-Jhala-Gat structure to be welcomed to the West in the 20th Century.[3] In Dhrupad, its distinctive feature is the climatic beginning in comparison to Raga's ascending composition. The word Dhrupad meaning ‘fixed verse’ refers to the complex opening section (Alap) allowing the other sections to grow and expand.[10]  

It is common in Dhrupad, for the Alap to be extended and unaccompanied, similar to most instrumental genres in Northern Indian music.

Khayal, there is a clear structural division between the opening of Raga-alap and Jor.[4] The Jor section in Dhrupad can be heard by its increasingly articulated and rapid pulse. Within this section, Jor follows the most common rhythmic cycle in Dhrupad, being the twelve beat.  The theme of intensification is prominent as the subsequent switch from the alap to jor, is identified as more rhythmic once it reaches the Jor section.[14] A common instrument utilised throughout Dhrupad, in the jor, is the Rudra Vina, a string instrument that evokes a melodic rhythm.[15]

A study conducted by Napier,[4] portrays that the end point of the Dhrupad is the articulation of the last note played in the Alap during the Jor section. It also notes that there is a large sectionalisation in the Dhrupad that is obvious in Jor as the consistency in regard to rhythmic composition is hard to recognise in Dhrupad.

Structure

Rhythm

An instrumental performance of jor comprises sitarist who will pluck certain notes on a guitar or another instrument, with a consistent rhythm. A vocal performance of Jor will show a vocalist singing each phrase in equal time.[3] A recording of two Raga performances conducted by Dhaeambir Singh Dadhyalla, indicated that Jor, along with Alap, lasts for 5 minutes which reduced the amount of tempo change throughout the beginning section.[5]

An experiment conducted by Will, Clayton, Wertheim, Leante, Berg shows that the pulse progression in the Jor and Alap sections of Raga are distinctively different.[16] The alap shows that there are at least nine different pulse rates, whilst in Jor there are only three. These characteristics in the Jor that distinguish it from the other sections are what creates different responses from audiences.

Hindustani Music played on a Sitar

In the 3-section format of the Raga, Alap-Jor-Jhala, Jor and Alap can share similarities in its composition and rhythmic style. However, Jor contains distinctive features which makes it stand out in the Raga. Jor in comparison to the Alap, is usually slow in its introduction into the

Gamak throughout Jor, which consists of a pattern of three notes exploring a wider range or octave.[17] Another difference between the two opening sections is the freedom granted to Jor as it moves between different pulses and speeds, whilst still focusing on certain smaller parts within the song.[18]

Transition

The transition between the three section, alap-jor-jhala, is continuous and each part builds from its predecessor.  Jor (literal meaning, "join") acts the second introduction after the alap, within a raga performance. It follows a similar structure to alap, with a shift in rhythmic style. As the Raga transitions into the Jor, the pulse is introduced by the melody instrumentalist.[19] The Jor utilises the features of scale and patterns in the previous section (Alap) and improvises to create a new variation of these features.[20] During jor, the performance must maintain a steady pulse with the exclusion of drums, which remains the same throughout Alap, Jor and Jhala.[21]

In

performer increases the phrasing of each syllable.[19]

References

  1. ^
    OCLC 6086559
    .
  2. ^ Kamien, Roger, and Anita Kamien. Music: an Appreciation. McGraw-Hill Education, 2018.
  3. ^ a b c d e Lavezzoli. The Dawn of Indian Music in the West. Bloomsbury Academic, 2007.
  4. ^ a b c d Napier. Structure and Proportion in Hindustani Alap. University of New South Wales, 2019. pp. 56.
  5. ^
    PMID 27859578
    .
  6. ^ Will, U., Clayton, M., Wertheim, I., Leante, L., Berg, E. (2014). Pulse and Entrainment to Non-Isochronous Auditory Stimuli: The Case of North Indian Alap. PLoS ONE. p.2.
  7. ^ Erdman, J. (1982). The Empty Beat: Khali As A Sign of Time. University of Chicago. pp 1.
  8. ^ a b Jairazbhoy, N.A. (1971). The Rags of North Indian Music: Their Structure and Evolution. Faber and Faber Limited. pp. 27.
  9. OCLC 51985008
    .
  10. ^
    S2CID 194454109
    .
  11. ^
    OCLC 779875847
    .
  12. ^ Erdman. The Empty Beat: Khali As A Sign of Time. University of Chicago, 1982. pp. 24.
  13. ^
    ISSN 0277-7126
    .
  14. ISSN 1559-5749
    .
  15. OCLC 62134753
    .
  16. PMID 25983702
    .
  17. OCLC 6086559
    .
  18. OCLC 6086559
    .
  19. ^
    S2CID 145045209
    .
  20. ISSN 0277-7126
    .
  21. OCLC 164263
    .
  22. PMID 25983702
    .
  23. PMID 25849357
    .
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