Kashida
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ـ | |
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Kashida |
Kashida or Kasheeda (
The analog in European (Latin-based) typography (expanding or contracting letters to improve spacing) is sometimes called expansion, and falls within microtypography. Kasheeda is considerably easier and more flexible, however, because Arabic–Persian scripts feature prominent horizontal strokes, whose lengths are accordingly flexible.
For example, al-ḥamdu and
Word | Meaning | Normal | Kasheeda |
---|---|---|---|
al-ḥamdu | ‘the praise’ | الحمد | الحمــــــد |
Raħīm | ‘ merciful ’
|
رحيم | رحــــــيم |
The terms Kasheeda and Tatweel can also refer to a character that represents this elongation ( ـ ) or to one of a set of glyphs of varying lengths that implement this elongation in a font. The Unicode standard assigns code point U+0640 as Arabic Tatweel.
The kasheeda can take a subtle downward curvature in some calligraphic styles and handwriting. However, the curvilinear stroke is not feasible for most basic fonts, which merely use a completely flat underscore-like stroke for kashida.
In addition to letter spacing and justification, calligraphers also use kasheeda for emphasis and as book or chapter titles. In
Kasheeda generally only appears in one word per line, and one letter per word. Furthermore, experts recommend kasheeda only between certain combinations of letters (typically those that cannot form a
The branding of the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar applies kasheeda to Latin script, connecting the bottom of the "t" and the second "a" in the host country's name.[4][5][6]
See also
Notes
- ^ Transliteration based on Classical and Early New Persian (but also applies to the modern varieties of Dari and Tajik). In Modern Iranian Persian, however, this would be transliterated as kašide or kešide.
References
- ^ "The Big Kashida Secret".
- ^ Lazrek, Azzeddine. "Arabic mathematical notation: Symbol Stretching". W3C Interest Group Note.
- ^ Arabic text justification: Dept. of Computer Science, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh
- ^ "Qatar 2022 emblem revealed". The Peninsula. 4 September 2019. Retrieved 2019-09-04.
- ^ "Qatar 2022: Football World Cup logo unveiled". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2019-09-04.
- ^ "Qatar 2022 World Cup logo unveiled, reflects move to winter tournament". The Week. Retrieved 2019-09-04.