Tughra
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A tughra (
The tughra was designed at the beginning of the sultan's reign and drawn by the court
Tughras served a purpose similar to the
Etymology
There are two main schools of thought on the origins of the word tughra. The first sees it derived from a Turkic secretarial emblem called tughragh, and the second as an effort by Persian scribes to shape the name of the ruler into a bow-like element called turgha/turghay, subsequently mispronounced as tughra.[2]
The primary argument for the first school is a remark by Mahmud al-Kashgari in his Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk:[2]
The tughragh is the seal and signature of the king [in] Oghuz dialect and not known to [Western] Turks; I do not know its origin.
Visual elements of a tughra
The tughra has a characteristic form, two loops on the left side, three vertical lines in the middle, stacked writing on the bottom and two extensions to the right. Each of these elements has a specific meaning, and together they make up the form that is easily recognizable as a tughra.
The name of the sultan is written out in the bottom section, called a sere. Depending on the period, this name can be as simple as
The loops to the left of the tughra are called beyze, from Arabic meaning egg. Some interpretations of tughra design claim that the beyzes are supposed to symbolize the two seas the sultans held sway over: the outer larger loop signifying the Mediterranean and the inner, smaller loop signifying the Black Sea.
The vertical lines on the top of the tughra are called tuğ, or flagstaff. The three tugs signify independence. The S-shaped lines crossing the tugs are called zülfe and they, together with the tops of the tugs that also look to the right, signify that the winds blow from the east to the west, the traditional movement of the Ottomans.
The lines to the right of the tughra are called hançer and signify a sword, symbol of power and might.
Tughras of the Ottoman sultans
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The Tughra at Dolmabahçe Palace.
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Decorated tughra ofSüleyman the Magnificent(1520)
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Tughra of Selim III (1789)
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Tughra on the Gate of Felicity at Topkapı Palace
Other tughras
Although the tughra is largely identified with the Ottoman Sultans, they have also sometimes been used in other states, such as the
The
Afghan currency notes from 1919 to 1936 had the tughra present as well. Pakistan had the tughra on its coins from 1947 till 1974; both of these are present in the State Bank Museum in Karachi. The nawab of Bahawalpur and the Nizam of Hyderabad had tugras on their coinage as well. The flowing lines could symbolize the wide reach of Suleyman's rule and his future conquests. It could also signify the spread of Islam to other realms beyond the Ottoman Empire.[ There are modern calligraphy artists that use the characteristic tughra form today. Examples are the tughras of Russian president Vladimir Putin[4] and Emperor of Japan, Akihito,[5] created by artist Vladimir Popov.[6]
Media related to Tughra at Wikimedia Commons
Post-imperial interpretations
See also
References
External links