Koło

Coordinates: 52°12′N 18°38′E / 52.200°N 18.633°E / 52.200; 18.633
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other places with the same name, see Kolo.
Koło
Skyline of Koło
Skyline of Koło
Car plates
PKL
Websitehttp://www.kolo.pl

Koło (pronounced

Greater Poland Voivodship and it is the capital of Koło County.[1]

History

Gothic Koło Castle, built in the 14th century on the river Warta

Koło is one of the oldest towns in Poland. It was granted town status in 1362 by King

royal city and the seat of a land county (starostwo niegrodowe).[1]
[p. 16–18]

In 1410 Koło was a gathering place of the Greater Poland nobility, which called for a war with the

Thirteen Years' War
).

Preserved old wooden granary

From the early 15th century until 1716, Koło was the meeting place of the Provincial Parliament called Sejmik Generalny for the

Poznań Voivodship, Kalisz, Sieradz, Łęczyca, Brześć Kujawski and Inowrocław Voivodeships. The town evolved into a regional hub of trade and crafts especially in metals and textiles, and as a centre of pottery. In 1571 a contract was drafted with regard to the status of the Jews in Koło, in which the city's Christians have undertaken to provide protection to the Jews, in return for which the Jews were required pay a special annual municipal tax.[3]

Koło was destroyed twice, once in 1622 by the Lisowski forces, and in 1655 by the Swedes; the economy managed to revive only at the end of the 17th century. Until 1793 Koło belonged to Konin County of the Kalisz Voivodeship of the Greater Poland Province. The 1st Polish National Cavalry Brigade was stationed in the town.[4] Following the

Fryderyk Chopin travelled through the town.[5]

20th century

Stary Rynek ("Old Market Square") in the 1920s

After the return of Poland's sovereignty at the end of

Jewish
population of Koło made up almost 50 percent of the total population.

On September 2, 1939, during Nazi Germany's invasion of Poland, the Luftwaffe bombed a civilian evacuation train from Krotoszyn, killing almost 250 civilians. The Germans captured Koło on September 18, 1939. On September 19, Jewish males over the age of 14 were rounded up and sent to forced labour. The Jewish synagogue was set on fire the following day.[6] Many Poles were arrested and imprisoned in the local prison, and afterwards murdered in Rzuchów.[7] On November 11, 1939, the German police murdered there 80 people, who were previously imprisoned in Koło.[7] In November 1939, Poles from Koło were also murdered in other places, including Bugaj, Chełmno nad Nerem, Konin.[8]

The first Aktion, conducted by Wehrmacht soldiers and gendarmes, took place in December 1939, in which 100 Jews were executed.

gas vans and buried in mass graves. Koło remained a transfer point for Jews deported to Łódź, and Nazi officials, including Heinrich Himmler, visited the town.[3][12]

Under German occupation, the town was renamed to Wartbrücken in 1940, and then to Warthbrücken in 1941 (which translates to "bridge on Warta river").

From 1975 to 1998, it was administratively part of the

Konin Voivodship
.

Climate

The climate is oceanic (Köppen: Cfb), but using older data and the modified Trewartha classification the climate would be continental (Dc).[13][14]

Climate data for Koło, elevation: 102 m or 335 ft, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–2020
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 13.8
(56.8) 		17.1
(62.8) 		23.4
(74.1) 		30.4
(86.7) 		31.9
(89.4) 		36.9
(98.4) 		38.4
(101.1) 		36.7
(98.1) 		32.9
(91.2) 		26.7
(80.1) 		19.3
(66.7) 		15.9
(60.6) 		38.4
(101.1)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 9.0
(48.2) 		10.6
(51.1) 		16.8
(62.2) 		23.8
(74.8) 		27.3
(81.1) 		31.4
(88.5) 		32.7
(90.9) 		32.4
(90.3) 		26.8
(80.2) 		21.5
(70.7) 		14.6
(58.3) 		9.7
(49.5) 		34.5
(94.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1.5
(34.7) 		3.2
(37.8) 		7.7
(45.9) 		14.6
(58.3) 		19.5
(67.1) 		22.8
(73.0) 		25.1
(77.2) 		24.9
(76.8) 		19.2
(66.6) 		13.2
(55.8) 		6.9
(44.4) 		2.8
(37.0) 		13.5
(56.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) −1.0
(30.2) 		0.1
(32.2) 		3.5
(38.3) 		9.2
(48.6) 		13.9
(57.0) 		17.3
(63.1) 		19.4
(66.9) 		19.1
(66.4) 		14.1
(57.4) 		9.0
(48.2) 		4.1
(39.4) 		0.4
(32.7) 		9.1
(48.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −3.3
(26.1) 		−2.5
(27.5) 		0.1
(32.2) 		4.2
(39.6) 		8.6
(47.5) 		12.0
(53.6) 		14.1
(57.4) 		14.0
(57.2) 		9.8
(49.6) 		5.7
(42.3) 		1.8
(35.2) 		−1.8
(28.8) 		5.2
(41.4)
Mean minimum °C (°F) −13.8
(7.2) 		−11.0
(12.2) 		−6.8
(19.8) 		−2.4
(27.7) 		1.8
(35.2) 		6.4
(43.5) 		9.0
(48.2) 		8.4
(47.1) 		3.6
(38.5) 		−1.7
(28.9) 		−5.8
(21.6) 		−10.5
(13.1) 		−16.9
(1.6)
Record low °C (°F) −28.6
(−19.5) 		−26.6
(−15.9) 		−21.2
(−6.2) 		−7.8
(18.0) 		−3.7
(25.3) 		0.7
(33.3) 		3.3
(37.9) 		3.7
(38.7) 		−1.7
(28.9) 		−7.9
(17.8) 		−16.9
(1.6) 		−24.4
(−11.9) 		−28.6
(−19.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 28.6
(1.13) 		26.3
(1.04) 		34.8
(1.37) 		28.9
(1.14) 		57.1
(2.25) 		57.6
(2.27) 		80.7
(3.18) 		57.4
(2.26) 		49.8
(1.96) 		37.4
(1.47) 		35.2
(1.39) 		32.2
(1.27) 		526.0
(20.71)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 5.2
(2.0) 		5.0
(2.0) 		3.1
(1.2) 		1.1
(0.4) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.1
(0.0) 		2.3
(0.9) 		4.2
(1.7) 		5.2
(2.0)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 15.53 13.48 13.63 11.05 12.83 12.78 13.25 11.73 11.60 12.90 14.07 16.00 158.86
Average snowy days (≥ 0 cm) 13.8 12.8 5.7 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 2.6 9.7 45.4
Average
relative humidity
(%) 		87.1 83.9 78.2 70.0 71.0 71.5 71.8 70.9 78.2 83.9 89.3 88.9 77.0
Mean monthly sunshine hours 49.1 69.4 127.9 197.6 250.9 247.9 254.2 247.3 162.2 110.5 49.1 38.8 1,805.1
Source 1: Institute of Meteorology and Water Management[15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]
Source 2: Meteomodel.pl (records, relative humidity 1991–2020)[23][24][25]

Sports

Sights of Koło (examples)
Gothic Exaltation of the Holy Cross church
Baroque Church of the Visitation
Town hall
A monument to the K-dron

Notable residents

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland

Twin towns – Sister cities

Koło is

twinned
with:

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Koło.

References

  1. ^ a b U.M.K. (2014). "KOŁO 2005: Ludność. Położenie geograficzne. Klimat. Dziedzictwo kulturowe" (PDF). Załącznik do Uchwały nr XXXVIII / 269 / 2005 Rady Miejskiej w Kole z dnia 28 czerwca 2005 roku. Urząd Miejski w Kole. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 August 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
  2. ^ "Koło" - Encyclopedia of Jewish Communities in Poland, Volume I Archived 2016-07-10 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ a b Mahler, Rafael. "From the near and far past". Some information about the history of the Jews of Koło.
  4. ^ Gembarzewski, Bronisław (1925). Rodowody pułków polskich i oddziałów równorzędnych od r. 1717 do r. 1831 (in Polish). Warszawa: Towarzystwo Wiedzy Wojskowej. p. 7.
  5. ISBN 83-88513-00-1
    .
  6. ^ Dates of grief. Sefer Koło; Funfhundert yor Yiddish Kolo. 1958. Mordekhai Halter (ed.) p. 335.
  7. ^ a b Wardzyńska, Maria (2009). Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion (in Polish). Warszawa: IPN. p. 210.
  8. ^ Wardzyńska (2009), pp. 210-211, 276
  9. ^ "Execution Sites of Jewish Victims Investigated by Yahad-In Unum". Yahad Map. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
  10. ISBN 978-83-8098-174-4
    .
  11. ^ "International Jewish Cemetery Project". Archived from the original on 2013-11-19. Retrieved 2010-11-02.
  12. ^ "Kolo (Muhlental), Poland". Archived from the original on 2012-02-12. Retrieved 2008-01-09.
  13. ^ "Kolo, Poland Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase. Retrieved 2019-08-06.
  14. ^ "Figure 2. The derived Köppen-Trewartha (K-T) climate classification..." ResearchGate. Retrieved 2019-08-06.
  15. ^ "Średnia dobowa temperatura powietrza". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 3 December 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  16. ^ "Średnia minimalna temperatura powietrza". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  17. ^ "Średnia maksymalna temperatura powietrza". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  18. ^ "Miesięczna suma opadu". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 9 January 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  19. ^ "Liczba dni z opadem >= 0,1 mm". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  20. ^ "Średnia grubość pokrywy śnieżnej". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  21. ^ "Liczba dni z pokrywą śnieżna > 0 cm". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  22. ^ "Średnia suma usłonecznienia (h)". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  23. ^ "Koło Absolutna temperatura maksymalna" (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. Archived from the original on 2023-04-23. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  24. ^ "Koło Absolutna temperatura minimalna" (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. Archived from the original on 2023-04-23. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  25. ^ "Koło Średnia wilgotność" (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. Archived from the original on 2023-04-23. Retrieved 16 February 2022.

External links

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