Konstantin von Höfler
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Konstantin von Höfler was a German church and general historian, publicist, ennobled anti-nationalist politician and poet.
Biography and works
He was born at
He then went to Italy, residing chiefly at Florence and Rome, and worked there industriously in the examination of original sources. Returning to Munich he accepted the editorship of the official Münchener Zeitung in order to earn a subsistence, but while thus engaged he had by 1838 qualified himself as a privatdozent [private(ly sponsored) professor] in history at the university. The following year he became extraordinary — in 1841 ordinary professor of history; in 1842 he became a member of the Academy of Sciences. In 1839 he published "Die deutschen Päpste" [The German Popes] in two volumes. After this he devoted himself to his duties as professor until 1846, when he fell into disfavour with King Ludwig I of Bavaria on account of the position he took, along with several other professors, in the popular agitation against the relations of the king with the dancer Lola Montez. He expressed his views on the subject in "Concordat und Constitutionseid der Katholiken in Bayern" [Concordat and the Silk Constitution of Catholics in Bavaria], and for this was removed from his university position on 26 March 1847.
Although the king, after some months, took Höfler again into the government service, he was, nevertheless, transferred to Bamberg (in Upper Franconia) as keeper of the district archives. With his accustomed zeal he began the study of Franconian history and published in 1849–52 as the fruit of his investigations: "Quellensammlung für fränkische Geschichte" [Collection of Sources for Franconian History], in four volumes, and in 1852–53 "Fränkische Studien" [Franconian Studies], parts I–V. During the same period, in 1850, he issued "Bayern, sein Recht und seine Geschichte" [Bavaria, Its Law and History] (1850) and "Ueber die politische Reformbewegung in Deutschland im Mittelalter und den Anteil Bayerns an derselben" [On the Political Reform Movement in Germany and Bavaria's Share In It]. Further, in the midst of these labours, he began the preparation of his history textbook Lehrbuch der Geschichte [Textbook of History] which appeared in 1856.
In 1851, when the Austrian school system was reorganized, Count Thun called Höfler as professor of history to
From 1872, however, he almost practically retired from politics, partly from the increasing opposition which grew up in the German parties in Austria against "Catholicism", partly because the clerical party was drawing closer to the Slavs. Conflicts were unavoidable; on the one hand he was a thorough German, absolutely convinced of the great mission of the Germans in Austria, on the other he was one of the most faithful sons of the Catholic Church. Consequently he gradually withdrew from party politics, without losing, however, his strong interest in the struggles of the mostly anticlerical German-Bohemians against the Czechs, and devoted himself entirely to the cultivation of German sentiment and intellectual life. By his activity, both as teacher and author, he became the founder of the modern school of German-Bohemian historical research, which received enthusiastic support from the Society founded by him, in 1862, for the study of the history of the German element in Bohemia, and in consequence ranks as one of the most deservedly respected historians of Austria.
Höfler gave special attention to the history of the
- Geschichtsschreiber der husitischen Bewegung ("Historian of the Hussite Movement", 1856–66), in three volumes
- Magister Johannes Hus und der Abzug der deutschen Professoren und Studenten aus Prag 1409 ("Master John Hus and the Withdrawal of German Professors and Students from Prague, 1409", 1864)
- Concilia Pragensia, 1353–1413 ("Pragensian Reconciliation, 1353–1413" ,1862)
These historical investigations involved Höfler in a violent
In other works Höfler treated the ecclesiastical reform movements among the Romanic peoples. These include:
- Die romanische Welt und ihr Verhältnis zu den Reformideen des Mittelalters ("The Roman World and their Relationship to the Reform Ideas of the Middle Ages", 1878)
- Der Aufstand der kastillianischen Städte gegen Karl V ("The Revolt of the Castilian Cities Against Charles V", 1876)
- Zur Kritik und Quellenkunde der ersten Regierungsjahre Kaiser Karls V ("For a Criticism and Source Study of the First Years of the Reign of Emperor Charles V", 1876–83), in three parts
- Der deutsche Kaiser und der letzte deutsche Papst, Karl V und Adrian VI ("The Last German Emperor and the German Pope, Adrian VI and Charles V", 1876)
- Papst Adrian VI ("Pope Adrian VI", 1880), in which he proves that this pope was the author of Catholic reform in the sixteenth century.
Höfler's contributions to the history of the
- Denkwürdigkeiten des Ritters Ludwig von Eyb ("Memoirs of the Knight Ludwig of Eyb", 1849)
- Barbara, Markgräfin von Brandenburg ("Barbara, Margrave of Brandenburg", 1867)
Other works by Höfler include:
- two volumes of Abhandlungen zur Geschichte Oesterreichs ("Essays on the History of Austria", 1871–72)
- two volumes of Monumenta Hispanica ("Spanish Monuments", 1881–82)
- Kritische Untersuchungen über die Quellen der Geschichte König Phiipps des Schönen ("Critical Studies on the Sources of the History of King Phiipps of Schönen", 1883)
- Bonifatius, der Apostel der Deutschen und die Slawenapostel Konstantinos (Cyrillus) und Methodius ("Boniface, the Apostle of the Germans and the Slav Apostles Constantine (Cyril) and Methodius", 1887)
He also published many papers in journals including:
- Denkschriften der k.k. Akademie der Wissenschaften ("Proceedings of the K.K. Academy of Sciences")
- Fontes rerum Austriacarum ("Rerum Austriacarum Sources")
- Zeitschrift des Vereins für die Geschichte der Deutschen in Böhmen ("Journal for the History of the Germans in Bohemia")
Höfler also wrote a number of historical dramas in verse, as well as elegant and thoughtful epigrams; his poetical works, however, met with but moderate success.
- Attribution
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Konstantin von Höfler". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.