Larcum Kendall

Larcum Kendall (21 September 1719 in Charlbury, Oxfordshire – 22 November 1790 in London) was a watchmaker from Oxfordshire, who was active in London.

Kendall was born on 21 September 1719 in Charlbury. His father was a

In 1735 Kendall was apprenticed to the London watchmaker John Jeffreys. He was living with his parents in St Clement Danes at the time.^[1] Jeffreys created a pocket watch for John Harrison, who later used ideas from pocket watches in his H4 chronometer.^[2]

Kendall set up his own business in 1742, working with Thomas Mudge to make watches, working for the watch and clock maker George Graham. In 1765 he was one of six experts selected by the Board of Longitude to witness the operation of John Harrison's H4, which he was subsequently asked to duplicate.^[1]

The first model finished by Kendall was an accurate copy of John Harrison's H4, cost £450, and is known today as K1.^[3] It was engraved in 1769, and was presented to the Board of Longitude on 13 January 1770,^[2][4] at which point he was given a bonus of £50.^[3] Harrison's H4, the first successful chronometer, cost £400 twenty years prior in 1750, approximately 30% of the value of a ship.

James Cook and astronomer William Wales tested the clock on Cook's second South Seas journey aboard HMS Resolution, 1772–75^[5] and were full of praise after initial scepticism. "Kendall's watch has exceeded the expectations of its most zealous advocate," Cook reported in 1775 to the admiralty.^[6] Cook also described it in his log as "our trusty friend the Watch" and "our never-failing guide the Watch".^[2] It was thus K1 which proved to a doubting scientific establishment that H4's success was no fluke. Three other clocks, constructed by John Arnold, had not withstood the loads of the same journey. Although constructed like a watch, the chronometer had a diameter of 13 centimetres (5.1 in) and weighed 1.45 kilograms (3.20 lb).

K1 was used again by Cook for his third voyage (HMS Resolution 1776–80). In April 1779 off

K1 went to sea with Admiral Sir John Jervis in 1793. He took it to the West Indies and the Mediterranean and it was on board HMS Victory at the Battle of Cape St Vincent in 1797. It was finally "pensioned off" to Greenwich in 1802. K1 was described by John Gilbert, Master of the Resolution on Cook's second voyage as "The greatest piece of mechanism the world has ever seen".

K1 is now kept in the

Kendall was asked in 1770 to instruct other workmen on how to manufacture parts for additional replicas of H4; however, he declined stating that further replicas would "still come to so high a price; as to put it far out of the reach of purchase for general use". He assured the Board that he would be able to modify Harrison's design to build a similar but simpler watch for around £200, half the price of K1.[3] He received the order and K2 was manufactured in 1771 (the date inscribed on the watch), and completed in 1772.^[8] It was given in 1773 to Constantine Phipps for its expedition towards the North Pole, then it was assigned in North America. It worked less exactly than the original. William Bligh in his 1787 log of HMS Bounty, recorded a daily inaccuracy of between 1.1 and three seconds and that it had varied irregularly.

The chronometer attained fame because of the

It is now held by the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich, England having previously being held by the Royal United Service Institution's Museum and transferred to the National Maritime Museum in the 1960s. K2 went to Sydney to be part of the Bligh and Mutiny on the Bounty exhibition at the Mitchell Library in 1991.

Kendall simplified his design further, and his third and final watch K3 cost £100 in 1774,^[3] but did not have the required accuracy. James Cook used K3 on his third voyage on board HMS Discovery in 1776–79.^[1] It was also used again by George Vancouver (in a later HMS Discovery) from 1791 to 1795 during which time he charted the southwest coast of Australia and did detailed surveys of the coast of North America.

During Matthew Flinders' journey to Australia in 1801, astronomer John Crossley became sick and left HMS Investigator in Cape Town. K3 was given to replacement astronomer James Inman in late 1802 to take to Australia for Flinders. Flinders mainly used the two new Earnshaw's #520 and #546. His other chronometers, Arnold's older #82 and #176, both stopped early in the voyage. K3 was only used by Flinders to chart Wreck Reefs, where he was shipwrecked. It was taken back to England by Inman.

All three of Kendall's chronometers had been to Australia by August 1788, one of them twice.

K3 is also now kept at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. In 1978 K3 was taken to Canada to be part of "Discovery 1778", an exhibition at the Vancouver Centennial Museum. In the 1988 K3 went to Australia for Brisbane's Expo and an exhibition at the Mitchell Library in Sydney.

Kendall was a first-class craftsman but not a technical designer. After K3 Kendall built chronometers to the design of John Arnold.

His home was

A blue plaque (photo above right) about Kendall was unveiled on 3 May 2014 in the garden of Charlbury Museum, and erected on the wall of the Post Office,^[12] close to his childhood home (since the house no longer stands).^[13]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Larcum Kendall.

• Baillie, G. H. (2008). Watchmakers & Clockmakers of the World. Read Books.
  ISBN 978-1443733533
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• Poland, Peter (February 1991). The Travels of the Timekeepers. Sydney, Australia.
  ISBN 0958794839.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link
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