Lawrence J. Fogel
Lawrence J. Fogel | |
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Born | San Diego, California, U.S. | 2 March 1928
Education | New York University (B.E.E., 1948), Rutgers University (M.S. Electrical Engineering, 1952), University of California, Los Angeles (Ph.D., 1964) |
Spouse | Eva Fogel |
Engineering career | |
Discipline | Electrical engineering Aerospace engineering Computer science |
Dr. Lawrence Jerome Fogel (March 2, 1928 – February 18, 2007) was a pioneer in
Aerospace engineering and antenna design
During 1948-1949, shortly after completing his bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from
Information theory and human factors research
Fogel was also interested in information theory and communications, especially those associated with aircraft instrument displays. He published several articles intended to link communication theory and instrument design.,[1][2] These investigations led to other strategies to help with air traffic control, as this was similar to the information transfer of knowledge to humans that was experienced in the cockpit.[3]
General Dynamics - Convair
In 1956, Fogel moved to
National Science Foundation
On leave from Convair, Lawrence Fogel served as Special Assistant to the Associate Director (Research) at the
In 1960, Fogel served as a member of the founding editorial board for the journal IRE Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics. He remained as a part of that editorial board as that journal transitioned to the IEEE and became IEEE Transactions on Man-Machine Systems, a predecessor to IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics.[10]
General Dynamics - astronautics
While at Convair during 1961-1965, Fogel explored evolutionary programming for time-series prediction.[11][12][13] These experiments validated the merit of the approach and this became the basis of Fogel's Ph.D. dissertation "On the Organization of Intellect" at the University of California, Los Angeles where he received the Ph.D. in 1964 in biotechnology with minors in mathematics and communication theory. His was the first dissertation in the field of evolutionary computation. The dissertation became the basis of several papers[14][15] as well as the first book in the field of evolutionary computation Artificial Intelligence Through Simulated Evolution co-authored with Alvin Owens and Michael Walsh, also from Convair.[16] Fogel continued to publish on these concepts in the scientific literature.[17][18]
In his role as Senior Staff Scientist in Astronautics for General Dynamics, he provided improved the reliability of complex missile systems and information processing systems. Fogel devised the COFEC Reliability Data System for the Atlas rocket. The Atlas was built at Convair in San Diego as America's first intercontinental ballistic missile. The Atlas D was used for Project Mercury to launch astronauts into low-Earth orbit in the 1960s. He also focused on how humans sense and process information.[19]
Fogel also became associated with the burgeoning field of cybernetics and served as the third president of the American Society for Cybernetics in 1969, following Warren McCulloch. He also served as the founding editor-in-chief for the Journal of Cybernetics and helped organize the second and third annual symposia of the American Society for Cybernetics (1964, 1965).
Evolutionary programming
In 1965, Fogel left General Dynamics to form a new company, Decision Science, Inc. in San Diego, specifically for applications of evolutionary programming. He served as President and directed research and real-world applications in the areas of information science, computer simulation, prediction, and systems control. Decision Science, Inc. was the first company specifically applying evolutionary computation to solve real-world problems. The methods were further developed through the efforts of Alvin Owens and George Burgin and formed the basis of a new generation of flight simulator first deployed at Langley Research Center for the purpose of air-to-air combat training. This approach was called the Adaptive Maneuvering Logic.[20][21][22] While at Decision Science, Fogel and Burgin also experimented with simulations of co-evolutionary games.[23] He also continued applying evolutionary computation in many ways including modeling of human operators[24] and thinking about biological communication.[25]
In 1982, Decision Science, Inc. was acquired by the Titan Corporation, a defense contractor in San Diego. Fogel continued working as a Vice President at Titan,[26] and later in 1988 as a Vice President of ORINCON Corporation.[27] In 1993, he was a co-founder in the formation of a new company, Natural Selection, Inc.,[28] which continues to apply methods of computational intelligence to real-world problems. Lawrence Fogel was the President of Natural Selection, Inc. until his death in 2007.
Personal life
Fogel was also well knownfor his interest in radio-controlled sailboats and sailplanes. He was a passionate enthusiast and preservation advocate for the Torrey Pines Gliderport in San Diego.[29] In the 1970s, he wrote a monthly column on RC soaring for Model Builder magazine. He was twice president of the Torrey Pines Gulls R/C Soaring Club, co-founded the Torrey Pines Scale Soaring Society, and was president of the National Soaring Society from 1975 to 1977. He was recognized with the highest membership grade of Fellow by the Academy of Model Aeronautics in 1996.
Fogel also enjoyed music and was proficient on piano, flute, saxophone, clarinet, and other instruments. He often enjoyed playing jazz at the Catamaran Hotel and other locations in San Diego and Washington, D.C.
Professional societies
- Acoustical Society of America
- American Rocket Society
- American Society for Cybernetics
- Evolutionary Programming Society
- Human Factors Society of America
- Institute of Radio Engineers
- Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (Fellow)
- International Association for Cybernetics
- New York Academy of Sciences (Life Member)
- Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
Scientific honors
- IEEE Fellow[30]
- 1996 - Lifetime Achievement Award, Evolutionary Programming Society[31]
- 1998 - IEEE Neural Networks Council Pioneer Award in Evolutionary Computation (inaugural awardee)[32]
- 2003 - SPIE Computational Intelligence Pioneer Award (jointly with his son David B. Fogel)[33]
- 2006 - IEEE Frank Rosenblatt Award (inaugural awardee)[34]
Patents
- U.S. patent 2,866,848 - Method of Improving Intelligence Under Random Noise Interference - 1958 December 30
- U.S. patent 2,920,138 - System for Improving Intelligibility - 1960 January 5
- U.S. patent 2,960,906 - Advance Flight Control Instrumentation and Control System - 1960 November 22
- U.S. patent 2,966,549 - Apparatus for Improving Intelligence Under High Ambient Noise Levels - 1960 December 27
- U.S. patent 5,214,746 - Method and Apparatus for Training a Neural Network using Evolutionary Programming - 1993 May 25
- Canadian Patent 631136 - Method of Improving Intelligence Under High Ambient Noise Levels - 1961 November 14
Selected journal publications
- Fogel, L. J. "The Human Computer in Flight Control," IRE Transactions on Electronic Computers, Vol. EC-6, No. 3, pages 197-202, 1957.
- Fogel, L. J. "A New Concept: The Kinalog System," Journal of the Human Factors Society, Vol. 1, No. 2, pages 30–37, April 1959.
- Fogel, L. J. and Lyman J "The Human Component," Chapter 2 in Volume 3 of The Handbook of Automation, Computation, and Control, edited by E. M. Grabbe, S. Ramo, and D. E. Woolridge, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1961.
- Fogel, L. J. "Autonomous Automata," Industrial Research Magazine, Vol. 4, No. 2, pages 14–19, February 1962.
- Fogel, L. J., Owens AJ, and Walsh, MJ "On the Evolution of Artificial Intelligence," Proceedings of the Fifth National Symposium on Human Factors in Electronics, IEEE, San Diego, May 5–6, 1964, pages 63–76.
- Fogel, L. J., Owens AJ, and Walsh, MJ "An Evolutionary Prediction Technique," IEEE International Symposium on Microwaves, Circuit Theory, and Information Theory, September 1964, pages 173-174.
- Fogel, L. J., Owens AJ, and Walsh, MJ "Artificial Intelligence Through a Simulation of Evolution," Chapter 14 of Biophysics and Cybernetic Sciences Symposium, edited by M. Maxfield, A. Callahan, and L. J. Fogel, Spartan Book Co., Washington, D.C., pages 131-155.
- Fogel, L. J., Owens AJ, and Walsh, MJ "Application of Evolutionary Programming," IEEE Systems Science and Cybernetics Conference, October 17 and 18, 1966, Washington, D.C.
- Fogel, L. J., "Inanimate Intellect Through Evolution," Naval Research Reviews, Vol. XX, No. 11, November 1967, pages 9–18.
See also
Selected books
This section's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. (July 2020) |
- Fogel, Lawrence J. Biotechnology: Concepts and Applications. Prentice Hall, New York, 1963. (reprinted in 2012 by Literary Licensing, LLC).
- Maxfield, Miles, Callahan, Arthur, and Fogel, Lawrence J. Biophysics and Cybernetic Systems: Proceedings of the Second Cybernetic Sciences Symposium. Allan Hancock Foundation., 1965.
- Fogel, Lawrence J., Owens, A.J., and Walsh, M.J. Artificial Intelligence Through Simulated Evolution. Wiley. New York, 1966.
- Fogel, Lawrence J. Progress in Biomedical Engineering. Spartan Books. 1967.
- Fogel, Lawrence J. Human Information Processing. Prentice Hall, New York, 1967.
- Amosov, N.M., Finegold, L. and Fogel, Lawrence J. Modeling of Thinking and the Mind. Spartan Books. New York, 1967.
- Fogel, Lawrence J. Composite Index to Marine Science and Technology. Alfo Publishing Co., San Diego, 1968.
- Fogel, Lawrence J. Intelligence Through Simulated Evolution: Forty Years of Evolutionary Programming Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1999.
Other information
- American Society for Cybernetics legacy page
- IEEE Frank Rosenblatt Award winners
- Biography in model aviation
References
- ^ Fogel, Lawrence J. (1955). "A Communication Theory Approach Toward the Design of Aircraft Instrument Displays". Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics. March: 1–30.
- ^ Fogel, Lawrence J. (1955). "A Note on a Measure for Meaning". Proceedings of the IRE. 43 (8): 1018.
- ^ Fogel, Lawrence J.; Cafarelli, N.J. (1955). "Analytic Approach to the General Air Traffic Control Problem". Aeronautical Electronics Digest. May. IRE: 396.
- .
- ^ Fogel, Lawrence J. (1958). "Naturalness and Selectivity are Keys to Better Cockpit Display". Aviation Age Magazine. 30 (1): 32–37.
- S2CID 109876377.
- S2CID 51668552.
- ^ Bolt, Richard H.; Fogel, Lawrence J. (1961), Investing in Scientific Progress, vol. NSF Report No. 61-27, National Science Foundation
- S2CID 40818013.
- .
- ^ Fogel, Lawrence J. (1962). "Autonomous Automata". Industrial Research. 4 (2): 14–19.
- S2CID 51668552.
- ^ Fogel, Lawrence J. (1962), Toward Inductive Inference Automata, vol. August, International Federation for Information Processing
- ^ Fogel, Lawrence J.; Owens, Alvin J.; Walsh, Michael J. (1964). "On the Evolution of Artificial Intelligence". Proceedings of the Fifth National Symposium on Human Factors in Electronics, San Diego, CA May 5–6. IEEE: 63–76.
- ^ Fogel, Lawrence J.; Owens, Alvin J.; Walsh, Michael J. (1964). "An Evolutionary Prediction Technique". IEEE International Symposium on Microwaves, Circuit Theory, and Information Theory. IEEE: 173–174.
- ISBN 9780471265160.
- PMID 5945373.
- .
- ^ Fogel, Lawrence J. (1963). Human Information Processing. New York: Prentice Hall.
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- ^ Burgin, George; Owens, Alvin J. (1975). An Adaptive Maneuvering Logic Computer Program for the Simulation of One-to-One Air-to-Air Combat, Vol. II, NASA Report CR-2853 (PDF). Washington, D.C.: NASA.
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- ^ Fogel, Lawrence J.; Burgin, George H. (1969). Competitive Goal-seeking Through Evolutionary Programming, DSI-105-F. San Diego: Decision Science, Inc.
- ^ Fogel, Lawrence J. (1968). "Modeling the Human Operator with Finite-state Machines". NASA Report 1112. National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
- ^ Fogel, Lawrence J.; McCulloch, Warren S. (1970). "Natural Automata and Prosthetic Devices". AIDS to Biological Communication: Prothesis and Synthesis. 2: 221–262.
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- ^ https://www.modelaircraft.org/sites/default/files/FogelLarry.pdf
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- ^ https://www.ieee.org/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/about/awards/recipients/rosenblatt-rl.pdf