Lawrence Ogilvie
Lawrence Ogilvie | |
---|---|
Born | 5 July 1898 The Manse, Rosehearty, Aberdeenshire, Scotland |
Died | 16 April 1980 |
Nationality | Scottish |
Alma mater | University of Aberdeen (BSc, MA) University of Cambridge (MSc) |
Known for | Plant pathology of crops in Bermuda 1923–1928 and Britain 1928–1965, entomology in Bermuda |
Spouse | Doris Katherine Raikes Turnbull |
Lawrence Ogilvie (5 July 1898 – 16 April 1980) was a Scottish plant pathologist who pioneered the study of wheat, fruit and vegetable diseases in the 20th century.
From 1923, in his first job and aged only 25, when agriculture was Bermuda's major industry, Ogilvie identified the virus that had devastated the islands' high-value lily bulb crops in 204 bulb fields for 30 years. By introducing agricultural controls, he re-established the valuable export shipments to the US, increasing them to seven-fold the volume of earlier "virus years". He was established as a successful young scientist when he had a 3-inch column describing his work published by the world's premier scientific journal Nature.[1][2][3][4][5][6]
Bermuda's exporting its three vegetable crops a year to the USA gave plant pathologist Ogilvie much experience of vegetable diseases, such that on return to Britain, five years later, he became the UK expert[7] on the diseases of commercially grown vegetables and wheat from the 1930s to the 1960s. This knowledge was vital for Britain in World War II with severe food shortages and rationing.
In total he wrote over 130 articles about plant diseases in journals of learned societies.[citation needed]
Education
Lawrence was born in
Career
On graduating at Cambridge University he was offered to be the first scientifically trained plant pathologist and entomologist to work in either of the then
He was to be continuously employed from September 1923 in Bermuda, and then from 1928 in Bristol in the west of England, until he retired at the age of 65.
At age 71, working from home, he researched necessary changes and published his sixth edition of the British government's official national Diseases of Vegetables Bulletin 123 110-page guide for commercial growers[13] – his first edition of 84 pages was published in July 1941 when food was rationed and in short supply due to WWII. The bulletin was also translated into Spanish and published in 1964 as Enfermedades de las Hortalizas.
Bermuda
From November 1923 (age 24) to April 1928 he was the
As the Bermuda delegate at the Kingston, Jamaica 8th West Indian Agricultural Conference in March 1924, he initiated West Indian plant inspections,[18] nursery-stock export certificates, and the inspection and grading of fruit and vegetables for export.
He was acclaimed in Bermuda for identifying the virus that had increasingly damaged the commercially vital lily-bulb export trade of Lilium longiflorum Lilium Harrisii to the USA since the late 19th century.[2][3][4][5][6][1] Aphid damage had previously been thought to be the cause of the crop failures. He identified the virus as transmitted by the aphid Aphis lilii Takahashi. Following establishing strong government inspection in the fields and packing stations, he reported the marked improvements found during his 1927 inspections of 204 bulb fields of these lilies.
Exports of Bermuda Easter lilies increased from 823 cases in 1918 to 6043 cases in 1927.[19][20] Due to this success being published in the renowned Nature magazine, and while still in his 20s, Ogilvie was made a vice-president of the British Lily Society.[21]
Ogilvie wrote The Insects of Bermuda,[22][23] published in 1928 by the Department of Agriculture, Bermuda. He identified and described 395 insects;[24] in particular the Aphid ogilviei discovered by him on Lilium Harrisii in Bermuda.[25][26]
Bermuda had three crops of vegetables each year for export to New York: this gave him the experience to later pioneer the European study of vegetable diseases.[27]
England
In the winter of 1928 he was appointed Advisory
Ogilvie was influential in the
Ogilvie was also consulted about willow diseases during World War II. Surprisingly, willows were a strategic material throughout the war. Everything dropped by parachute was dropped in a basket – light and strong, they bounced on impact and could be made to any shape. Home production of willows was about 2000 tonnes per year. There were 630 manufacturers employing 7000 basket makers.[38]
He was the international authority on the diseases of wheat that flourished in these British damp, warm conditions – particularly Black Stem Rust[39][40][41][42][43] and Take All.[44][45]
Ogilvie and his team of scientists advised growers and farmers in the south-west of England through the war years and until his retirement age 65 in 1963.[46][47][48][49] This was particularly important to Britain during the war and the continued food rationing period to 1954[50][51] – bread for instance was rationed from 1946 to 1948, even though it was not rationed during the war.
Ogilvie was elected a vice president of the British Mycological Society in December 1956.[52]
Personal life
Before 1940
On 10 January 1931 in the Unitarian Meeting House, in Bessels Green, Sevenoaks, Kent, England, Lawrence married landscape architect Doris Katherine Raikes Turnbull, whom he had met within three months of starting work in Bermuda: a letter to his mother within six months included "I am all for her ... Miss T is a great one for gadding about".
After Bermuda and their wedding, they lived happily together through WWII and the rest of their lives in the hilly agricultural hamlet East Dundry, close to the southern side of Bristol.
Doris was born on 14 November 1898, the same year as Lawrence – but in Nowgong (now
Doris complemented Lawrence's botanical knowledge, having studied horticulture in
From 1940
Their son and only child (William) Duncan Ogilvie was born 1 November 1940 in their East Dundry home. About midday on Sunday 24 November, he was the last to be christened in Bristol's St James' Presbyterian Church. That evening 148 long-range bombers of Germany's Luftflotte 3 bombed Bristol.[54] The church was bombed, never to be used again. The church tower remains (about 100 metres south of the east end of Bristol bus station): the nave was destroyed, with its area now having an office block.
Slightly stronger than her husband, Doris developed and maintained their garden in East Dundry. She often coped with their 40-foot-deep well (losing her left thumb in its diesel-engine pump, and nearly dying of then appropriately-called Lockjaw, while then having a small baby): after 28 years in their house, mains water arrived in 1957.
Through 77 Nazi bombings of and around Bristol, Doris coped briefly with two Bristol boy evacuees, with her baby, digging the large kitchen garden, an apple- and plum-tree orchard, a dozen or so hens (trying to keep foxes away), two goats, three
Lawrence was a member of the wartime Dundry
He was a founding member and a chairman of the
Doris died of colon cancer in their East Dundry home in September 1965, with Lawrence and son in and out from working in the garden. In 1980, Lawrence broke his hip when he fell in their garden: the surgeons muddled his operation, sadly moving him after a second operation non-compos mentis to Winford hospital where he died months later on 16 April 1980.
References
- ^ S2CID 8937999.
- ^ a b c Annual reports of the Bermuda Department of Agriculture 1923-26
- ^ a b Page 4 of the January 1929 Royal Botanic Society of London: Quarterly Summary
- ^ .
- ^ a b October 1968 Monthly Bulletin of the Bermuda Department of Agriculture and Fisheries article by Lawrence Ogilvie
- ^ a b Kosmix.com[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b Newsletter of the Federation of British Plant Pathologists No 6, Winter 1980, pages 47–48 Obituary notices: Lawrence Ogilvie by H Croxall
- ^ Aberdeen Grammar School "Excellence" medals "EX Laurentio Ogilvie III Class MCMXIII" and "Ex Laurentio Ogilvie V Class MCMXV"
- ^ The Garden magazine July 1919
- ^ Transactions of the British Mycological Society Volume IX part III, pages 167–182, 31 March 1924 Observations on the "Slime Fluxes" of trees Lawrence Ogilvie
- .
- ^ Nature magazine number 2845, volume 113, May 10, 1924, page 91
- ^ ISBN 978-0-11-240423-1.
- ^ Bulletin of Entomological Research Volume XVIII part 3, February 1928 pages 289–290 and plate XIII Methods employed in breeding Opius Humilis, Silv., a parasite of the Mediterranean fruit-fly (Ceratitis Capitata, Wied) L Ogilvie Bermuda Department of Agriculture
- .
- ISBN 978-0-444-82843-9.
- JSTOR 3755060.
- ^ Fungus Diseases of Tropical Crops Paul Holliday
- ^ Page 223 of 22 September 1928 The Gardeners' Chronicle
- ^ Articles by A Grove on page 82 of the 2 February 1929 The Gardeners' Chronicle and page 10 of the 6 July 1929 issue
- ^ The Lily Year Book 1957 pages 45 to 59
- ^ Valentine, Barry D. (1 March 2003). "A Catalogue of West Indies Anthribidae (Coleoptera)". Insecta Mundi.
- JSTOR 25009769.
- .
- ^ The Insects of Bermuda by Lawrence Ogilvie, published 1928 by the Department of Agriculture, Bermuda
- S2CID 55002304.
- ^ HMSOMinistry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food's Diseases of Vegetables SBN 11-240423-5
- ^ The Annals of Applied Biology Volume XXVI, number 2, pages 279–297, May 1939 Lettuce mosaic G C Ainsworth and L Ogilvie
- ^ Journal of Pomology and Horticultural Science Volume XI, no 3, pages 205–213, September 1933 Canker and die-back of apples associated with Valsa Ambiens L Ogilvie
- ^ Journal of Pomology and Horticultural Science Volume XIII, no 2, pages 140–148, June 1935 The fungus flora of apple twigs and branches and its relation to apple fruit spots L Ogilvie
- ^ Annual Report of the Long Ashton Research Station 1933 The effect of Formalin on potato "sickness" L Ogilvie
- ^ Transactions of the British Mycological Society Volume XXII, parts III and IV, 1939, pages 308–9 Vegetable disease investigations at Long Ashton L Ogilvie and C J Hickman
- ^ Transactions of the British Mycological Society Volume XXIII, part II 1939 Root rot of hardy vegetables L Ogilvie
- ^ Nature volume 160-page 96, 19 July 1947 Occurrence of Botrytis Fabæ Sardiña in England L Ogilvie and M Munro
- ^ 1946 Annual Report of the Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station, Long Ashton, Bristol [England] Chocolate Spot of field beans in the south west L Ogilvie and M Munro
- ^ Six editions (each edition revised) July 1941–1969 of the British Ministry of Agriculture's 100-page Bulletin 123: Diseases of Vegetables by Lawrence Ogilvie. The first edition was expanded from Ogilvie's Vegetable Diseases: a brief summary Bulletin 68 1935.
- ^ (British) National Agricultural Advisory Service Quarterly Review Volume XIV, Winter 1962, number 58 Relation of disease control to successful continuous cereal growing L Ogilvie and I G Thorpe
- ^ Willow diseases. http://www.wringtonsomerset.org.uk/archive/stottwillow.html Wringtonsomerset.org.uk
- ^ 6th Commonwealth Mycological Conference, London 1960 Black Rust of wheat: co-operative investigations in western Europe and northern Africa L Ogilvie and I G Thorpe
- ^ Science Progress Volume XLIX number 194, April 1961 pages 209–227 New light on epidemics of Black Stem Rust of wheat L Ogilvie and I G Thorpe
- ^ 2nd European Colloquium on Black Rust of Cereals, Madrid April 1961 Studies of Black Rust Epidemiology in England L Ogilvie and I G Thorpe
- ^ International Cereal Rust Conferences June and July 1964 Black Stem Rust of wheat in Great Britain L Ogilvie and I G Thorpe
- JSTOR 3753715.
- ^ Plant Pathology volume 4, number 4, December 1955, pages 111-113 Effect of ley grasses on the carry-over of Take-All Valerie M Wehrle and L Ogilvie
- .
- ^ BSPP.org.uk
- .
- ^ HBCI.com Archived 9 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- .
- ^ Report of the 13th International Horticultural Congress, 1952: Recent developments in vegetable diseases in Great Britain Lawrence Ogilvie
- ^ Plant Pathology Volume 2, number 4, December 1954 New or uncommon plant diseases and pests in England and Wales: "Net blotch" of field and broad beans Moira C D Justham and L Ogilvie
- ^ "The British Mycological Society".
- ^ Volume LV, December 2009 pages 21–22 of The Journal of the Barbados Museum & Historical Society
- ^ Pages 84–86 of 978-0-946771-89-9 Blitz over Britain by Edwin Webb and John Duncan