Plant pathology
Plant pathology or phytopathology is the scientific study of plant diseases caused by pathogens (infectious organisms) and environmental conditions (physiological factors).[1] Plant pathology involves the study of pathogen identification, disease etiology, disease cycles, economic impact, plant disease epidemiology, plant disease resistance, how plant diseases affect humans and animals, pathosystem genetics, and management of plant diseases.
Plant pathogenicity
Plant pathogens, organisms that cause infectious
In most plantTo colonize a plant, pathogens have specific
- Cell wall-degrading enzymes: These are used to break down the plant cell wall in order to release the nutrients inside and include esterases, glycosyl hydrolases, lyases and oxidoreductases.[5]
- Toxins: These can be non-host-specific, which damage all plants, or host-specific, which cause damage only on a host plant.
- Effector proteins: These can be secreted by pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, and oomycetesType three secretion system. Some effectors are known to suppress host defense processes. This can include reducing the plant's internal signaling mechanisms or reduction of phytochemicals production.[8]
- Phytohormonesare chemicals used by plants for signaling; pathogens can produce these to modify plant growth to their own advantage.
- Exopolysaccharidesare mostly small chains of sugars that help pathogens to adhere to a plant's surface, enabling them to begin the process of infection.
Physiological plant disorders
Some abiotic disorders can be confused with pathogen-induced disorders. Abiotic causes include natural processes such as drought, frost, snow and hail; flooding and poor drainage; nutrient deficiency; deposition of mineral salts such as sodium chloride and gypsum; windburn and breakage by storms; and wildfires. [9]
Epidemiology
Epidemiology is the study of factors affecting the outbreak and spread of infectious diseases.[10]
A disease triangle describes the basic factors required for plant diseases. These are the host plant, the pathogen, and the environment. Any one of these can be modified to control a disease.[11]
Disease resistance
Plant disease resistance is the ability of a plant to prevent and terminate infections from plant pathogens. Structures that help plants prevent pathogens from entering are the cuticular layer, cell walls and stomata guard cells. Once pathogens have overcome these barriers, plant receptors initiate signaling pathways to create molecules to compete against the foreign molecules. These pathways are influenced and triggered by genes within the host plant and can manipulated by genetic breeding to create resistant varieties.[12]
Management
Detection
Ancient methods of leaf examination and breaking open plant material by hand are now augmented by newer technologies. These include
Biological
History
Plant pathology has developed from antiquity, starting with
See also
- American Phytopathological Society
- Australasian Plant Pathology Society
- British Society for Plant Pathology
- Forest pathology
- Gene-for-gene relationship
- Global Plant Clinic
- Glossary of phytopathology
- Horsfall-Barratt scale
- List of phytopathology journals
- Microbial inoculant
- Phytopharmacology
- Plant disease forecasting
- Stunting
Notes
References
- ^ Agrios GN (1972). Plant Pathology (3rd ed.). Academic Press.
- PMID 33173596.
- PMID 18824396. (ARV ORCID: 0000-0003-1289-9554).
- PMID 26074945.
- PMID 32411686.
- ^ Davis N (September 9, 2009). "Genome of Irish potato famine pathogen decoded". Haas et al. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
- ^ "1st large-scale map of a plant's protein network addresses evolution, disease process". Dana-Farber Cancer Institute. July 29, 2011. Archived from the original on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
- ^ Ma, Winbo (March 28, 2011). "How do plants fight disease? Breakthrough research by UC Riverside plant pathologist offers a clue". UC Riverside.
- ^ Schutzki, R.E.; Cregg, B. (2007). "Abiotic plant disorders: Symptoms, signs and solutions. A diagnostic guide to problem solving" (PDF). Michigan State University Department of Horticulture. Michigan State University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
- ^ "American Phytopathological Society". American Phytopathological Society. Retrieved 2019-03-26.
- ^ "Disease Triangle". Oregon State University. 25 April 2014. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
- PMID 29973557.
- ^ PMID 32214677.
- ^ Current and emerging trends in techniques for plant pathogen detection Frontiers in Plant Science
- .
- ISBN 978-0-521-23032-2.
External links
- International Society for Plant Pathology
- Australasian Plant Pathology Society
- American Phytopathological Society
- British Society for Plant Pathology
- Erwin Frink Smith Papers Index to papers of Smith (1854–1927) who was considered the "father of bacterial plant pathology" and worked for the United States Department of Agriculture for over 40 years.
- Plant Health Progress, Online journal of applied plant pathology
- Pacific Northwest Fungi, online mycology journal with papers on fungal plant pathogens
- Rothamsted Plant Pathology and Microbiology Department
- New Mexico State University Department of Entomology Plant Pathology and Weed Science
- Pathogen Host Interactions Database (PHI-base)
- Grape Virology
- Opportunity in Plant Pathology
- Facebook page for Asian Association of Societies for Plant Pathology