Limbuwan
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Limbuwan | |
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Eastern Nepal | |
Area | |
• Total | 6,316 sq mi (16,358 km2) |
Population (2011) | |
• Total | 387,300[1] |
Limbuwan is an area of the
The ten kingdoms formed after the great revolution of Limbuwan in the 6th century. It was collectively decided to name the land by the name of "Limbuwan." The current state of Limbu nation, culture, language and ethnicity is believed to have taken shape during this period. The northern boundary was fixed to be in
In modern times, the boundaries of Limbuwan came to rest at the Arun river in the west and
A political movement in Nepal has developed which claims to territorial authority for a Limbuwan federal state in Nepal’s eastern borderland.[5] Eastern Nepal and the dominant ethnic groups of that region are indigenously called Kirat.[citation needed] The land was sub-divided into three regions, namely, the Wallo, Majh and Pallo Kirat.[citation needed] Limbuwan is also called Pallo-kirat 'Further Kirat'.[6]
History
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Limbuwan_location.png/200px-Limbuwan_location.png)
The
The ten rulers, their kingdoms and their forts:
- Samlupi Samba Hang, King of Tambar and his capital Tambar Yiok.
- Sisiyen Shering Hang, King of Mewa and Maiwa kingdoms and his capital Meringden Yiok.
- Thoktokso Angbo Hang, King of Athraya and his capital Pomajong.
- Thindolung Khokya Hang, King of Yangwarok and his capital Hastapojong Yiok
- Yengaso Papo Hang, King of Panthar and his capital at Yashok and Pheden (Phe meaning "plain", den meaning "place").
- Shengsengum Phedap Hang, King of Phedap and his capital at Poklabung.
- Mung Tai Chi Emay Hang, King of Ilam and his capital at Phakphok.
- Soiyak LadhoHang Chemjong, King of Bodhey (Choubise) and his capital at Shanguri Yiok.
- Tappeso Perung Hang, King of Thala and his capital at Thala Yiok.
- Taklung Khewa Hang, King of Chethar and his capital at Chamling Chimling Yiok.
Rise of King Mawrong Hang
After a brief period, King Mawrong Hang came to prominence and took over Terai lands of Chethar, Bodhey, Panthar, and Ilam (present day
Rise of King Sirijonga Hang
During this chaos and the waning phase of King Chemjong hang, King Sirijonga of Yangwarok kingdom rose to power. He subdued all the independent rulers and took over as the new supreme ruler of Limbuwan. He built two big forts in Phedap (present-day
Eventually after the establishment of Namgyal dynasty in Sikkim and under the Lho-Mehn-Tsong Tsum, a treaty between the Bhutia, Lepcha and Limbu people of the Sikkim area, Limbuwan lost the area between Kangchenjunga range (present-day eastern border of Nepal) and Teesta River to the Bhutia Kings of Sikkim. Since then Limbuwan comprises all the area between Arun River and Koshi River in the west to Kunchenjunga Mountains and Mechi River in the east.
At the beginning of the 15th century, the descendants of King Sirijonga hang became weak and Limbuwan again fell into chaos and anarchy. At the time, the two Yakthung Ing brothers from Kamrup Assam, had come and proclaimed the independent country of Phedap, Pokblabang and Bijayapur, Morang. The elder brother Sidi Ing became king of Poklabang, Phedap and the Lowland Limbuwan Kingdom of Morang was King Sangla Ing. After the 17th generations of the King Sidi Ing , got a glorius king Tena Hang. He had seven sons and called them as "Satre Nu hang" or "Sat Raya." Among of them Yen Hang Mukpa Raya was the king of
The other brother King Sangla Ing declared independence and became the first independent ruler of Morang in a century. His son Pungla Ing adopted Hinduism and changed his Hindu name into Aamar Raya Ing. He was succeeded by his descendants, who also bore Hindu names. Kirti Narayan Raya Ing, Aap Narayan Raya Ing, Jarai Narayan Raya Ing, Ding Narayan Raya Ing, and Bijay Narayan Raya Ing.
King Bijay Narayan Raya Sanlga Ing built a new town in the middle of Varatappa and Shangori fort and named it Bijaypur after him. He had no issue and died without an heir.
Bijaypur town was founded in 1584 AD and is currently located next to
Morang Kingdom was the most powerful and influential of all the Kingdoms in Limbuwan region and was able to establish its hegemony among all the other Limbu rulers. But in 1609 AD Sen King Lohang Sen of Sen dynasty captured Morang and ruled it for seven generations.
King of Phedap Murray Hang Khebang was made the chief minister of Morong. He stayed in Bijaypur and the King of Morong made his post hereditary. Murray Hang Khebang was given a Hindu name and he became Bidya Chandra Raya. His descendants remained Chief Ministers of Morong until
Annexation into Nepal
Meanwhile, the Gorkha
Limbuwan was attacked several times by Sikkim after 1774 AD. Battle of Morong during the British Gurkha war took place in Morong. Limbuwan was divided into present-day administrative districts in Panchayat era by King Mahendra.
Aboriginal inhabitants
The original inhabitants of Limbuwan are the
Immigration
The later arrivals are
Limbus have become minorities, or they have become homeless/landless in their own Homeland due to mass migration.[9] The arrival of the non-limbu settler was part of a policy instituted by Kathmandu encouraging the immigration of Hindus into Limbuwan.[10] Limbus, for their part, were urged to settle these emigrants of their lands.[11]
The Limbuwan Gorkha War was a series of battles fought between the King of Gorkha and the rulers of various principalities of Limbuwan from 1771 to 1774 AD. The war came to an end in 1774 with the Limbuwan Gorkha treaty which recognized Limbu peoples' right to Kipat land in Limbuwan and full autonomy. History of Limbuwan covers the rest of the Limbuwan History.
After the conquest of Majh Kirant (Khambuwan /Rai kingdoms) by the Gorkhas, they invaded Limbuwan on two fronts. One front was in Chainpur (present-day Sankhuwasabha District) and the second front was in Bijaypur (present-day Dharan, Sunsari District). Bijaypur was the capital of the Morang the Kingdom of Limbuwan.
Migration of the Limbus
Archival research for the period 1830 to 1917 reveals that the British administrators were conscious that the Limbus were indigenous to Sikkim.[12] Only small portion of Limbus migrated into Sikkim in 18th century.[13] Following the end of Sikkim-Gorkha war at Limbuwan, the Gorkha officers started searching Limbus who had sided with the Sikkimese King or Sikkhim Kingdon. To weaken the Limbu collective power, Gorkha officers falsely accused of many Limbus of betraying Gorkha Kingdon; then, they captured, tortured, and executed a huge number of Limbus. Seeing this, all the Limbus who had fought against the Gorkhas by siding with the Sikkimese King, they assembled and decided to leave Limbuwan forever. About 32,000 in number and migrated in three groups. The first group went to Sikkim and settles in Rung, Rhino and Magnesia villages, the second group migrated to Bhutan and settled in Kuching, Tendu, and Jumsa villages and third group migrated to Assam and settles in Beni, Kalchini and other Meche and Koch villages.
References
- ^ Official Summary of Census (2011), Central Bureau of Statistics, Nepal Archived 2012-12-02 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ P.46 National Costumes of Nepal By Persijs Muiznieks, 23 Aug 2011
- ^ Chemjong, Imansingh. Kirat History and Culture.
- ^ Jesse, Russell (2012). Limbuwan Gorkha War.
- ^ P. 46. National Costumes of Nepal by Persijs Muiznieks, 23 Aug 2011.
- ^ P.5 Democratic Innovations in Nepal: A Case Study of Political Acculturation By Bhuwan Lal Joshi, Leo E. Rose, 1966
- ^ Routledge Handbook of Asian Borderlands By Alexander Horstmann, Martin Saxer, Alessandro Rippa Routledge, 9 Mar 2018
- ^ Land Tenure and Taxation in Nepal: The Jagir, Rakam, and Kipat tenure systems By Mahesh Chandra Regmi, 1965
- ^ Land Tenure and Taxation in Nepal: The Jagir, Rakam, and Kipat tenure systems By Mahesh Chandra Regmi, 1965
- ^ P.54, land and social change in east Nepal By Lionel Caplan, 2000
- ^ P.54, land and social change in east Nepal By Lionel Caplan, 2000
- ^ Page 281 Readings in Indian Sociology: Volume VIII: Political Sociology of India By Anand Kumar, 31 Dec 2013
- ^ Page 281 Readings in Indian Sociology: Volume VIII: Political Sociology of India By Anand Kumar, 31 Dec 2013
Other sources
- ISBN 99933-809-1-1.
- Saatrenuhang Tumbahangpe Genealogy and Phedap Limbuwan, 2063 V.S., Aashad. Myanglung: Jethansingh Bhagimansingh Tumbahangphe Family. ISBN 99946-969-7-1.
External links
- Proposed ethnic states in 2010 incl. Limbuwan
- Welcome to Limbuwan
- Location
- Kirant Yakthung Chumlung
- Omniglot a guide to written language
- Nepal Ethnographic Museum
- Nepaldemocracy.com
- Ethnologue profiles: Limbu
- Iman Xin Chemjong