Mahendra of Nepal
Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev | |||||||||||||
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Narayanhity Royal Palace Kathmandu, Kingdom of Nepal | |||||||||||||
Died | 31 January 1972 Diyalo Bangala, Bharatpur, Nepal[1] | (aged 51)||||||||||||
Burial | |||||||||||||
Spouse | |||||||||||||
Prince Dhirendra[2] | |||||||||||||
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Dynasty | Shah dynasty | ||||||||||||
Father | Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah | ||||||||||||
Mother | Kanti Rajya Lakshmi Devi | ||||||||||||
Religion | Hinduism | ||||||||||||
Occupation | Author | ||||||||||||
हस्ताक्षर |
Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev (Nepali: महेन्द्र वीर विक्रम शाह देव), (11 June 1920 – 31 January 1972) was the ninth King of Nepal from 13 March 1955 until his death in 1972, which was due to heart attack as told in an interview by his personal physician Dr. Mrigendra Raj Pandey. Following the 1960 coup d'état, he established the partyless Panchayat system which governed the country for 28 years until the introduction of multiparty democracy in 1990. During his reign, Nepal experienced a period of industrial, political and economic change which opened it to the rest of the world for the first time after the 104-year-long reign of the Rana rulers, who kept the country under an isolationist policy, came to an end in 1951.
Early life
King Mahendra was born on 11 June 1920 (1977 B.S) at the Narayanhiti Palace to King Tribhuvan of Nepal.[3] King Mahendra was the eldest child of King Tribhuvan and Queen Kanti. Under the Rana dynasty, the power of the king was reduced to that of a figurehead. Although Tribhuvan was nominally king since 1911, the royal family had been held captive in Narayanhiti Palace since the rise of the prominent Rana dynasty.
Even though he did not have an official education, King Mahendra was privately educated inside the palace and learned politics, economics and Nepali literature, history and culture.
Inside the palace, King Mahendra had a love affair with a concubine, named Geeta Gurung through which a child was born at the age of 13. There was only one child named Rabindra Shah.[4] Since the concubine was not a Thakuri, his marriage could not take place and the royal family decided to marry their son with the Rana family.[5]
In 1940, He married Indra Rajya Lakshmi, the granddaughter of Juddha Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana and daughter of General Hari Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana.[6] Mahendra had three sons, Birendra, Gyanendra, and Dhirendra and three daughters Shanti, Sharada, and Shobha. His first wife, Crown Princess Indra died in 1950.
In 1951 King Tribhuvan
After the death of his first wife
Early reign
Mahendra became the king of Nepal as the successor of King Tribhuvan. When King Tribhuvan left for Europe for treatment, Mahendra got the authority from the then King Tribhuvan. He inherited the throne aged 34 as a constitutional monarch. He became king on 13 March 1955 but his coronation took place on 2 May 1956 due to the one year mourning period of death of his father.[9][10]
Tanka Prasad Acharya's cabinet
On January 27, 1956 (Magha 13, 2012 B.S) King Mahendra appointed Acharya as the Prime Minister of Nepal. The first five-year plan was launched during his tenure as prime minister. During his time, Nepal Rastra Bank and the Supreme Court were established.[11][12] Acharya's tenure is also seen as a golden age for Nepal in foreign relations. In addition to establishing diplomatic relations with many countries, the government was able to establish close ties with the Chinese government. The Chinese government had provided Rs 60 million to Nepal on 7 October 1956 (Ashwin 22, 2013 B.S).[13] Tanka Prasad Acharya resigned as Prime Minister in July 1957(Ashadha 2014 B.S).
Kunwar Indrajit Singh's cabinet
Kunwar Indrajit Singh was appointed Prime Minister by King Mahendra in 1957 (2014 B.S) His cabinet included Education Minister Mahakavi Laxmi Prasad Devkota.[14] He tenure was mostly spent in attempts to curtail his own enemies[15] He was later replaced by a government led by Suvarna Samsher Rana. According to General Nara Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana, he was dismissed by King Mahendra because he tried to stage a coup against the king and relegate him to a 'puppet king', just like in the Rana days.[16]
Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal 1959
King Mahendra had promulgated the constitution in 1959(2015 B.S) to take the country towards a parliamentary system. On the basis of the royal announcement on February 1, 1958, a Constitution Drafting Commission was formed on March 27, 1958, to take the country towards a parliamentary system. On the basis of the draft prepared by the Constitution Drafting Commission, the Constitution of the Dominion of Nepal(2015) was announced on February 12, 1959 (Falgun 1, 2015 B.S) from King Mahendra. In order to elect 109 representatives to the House of Representatives, the lower house of the Parliament of Nepal, the first democratic election of Nepal was held in 45 days from Falgun 7, 2015 until Chaitra 21, 2015. B.S.[19] This election was held in accordance with the Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal 1959, which was implemented on Falgun 1, 2015 B.S.[20] The Nepali Congress, achieved two-third majority and merged as the largest party in the election.[21]
The General election 1959
BP Council of Ministers
1960 coup d'état
On 15 December 1960, King Mahendra used his emergency powers and took charge of the State once again claiming that the Congress government had fostered corruption, promoted party above national interest and failed to maintain law and order.
Panchayat Regime
On 13 April 1961, Mahendra made a televised appearance,
Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal 1962
The Constitution Drafting Commission was formed on May 8, 1962, with the then Minister for Finance and Economic Affairs
The constitution, which has been amended 3 times, was first amended on January 27, 1967. Through the first amendment, the various English words used in the constitution were replaced with Nepali, Nepal was divided into 14 zones and 75 districts and the arrangement of zonal commissioner was made. The constitution would officially abolish political parties and substitute a "National Guidance" system based on local panchayat led directly by the king.[39][40][41]
Panchayat election 1963
The first elections to the National Panchayat took place in March and April 1963.The panchayat election of 1963 was held on the basis of constitution of kingdom of Nepal 1962. Although political parties officially were banned and the major opposition parties publicly refused to participate, about one-third of the members of the legislative were associated with the Nepali Congress. There were 4,000 village assemblies at the local level, electing nine members of the village assemblies, who in turn elected a mayor. Each village assemblies sent a member to sit on one of seventy-five district panchayat, representing from forty to seventy villages; one-third of the members of these assemblies were chosen by the town panchayat. Members of the district panchayat elected representatives to fourteen zone assemblies functioning as electoral colleges for the National Panchayat in Kathmandu. In addition, there were class organizations at village, district, and zonal levels for peasants, youth, women, elders, laborers, and ex-soldiers, who elected their own representatives to assemblies.
Panchayat system (1962–1972)
Support of the king by the army and the government bureaucracy prevented opposition to his rule from developing within the
Attempts to overthrow the regime
There were multiple struggles and attempts to remove the king from power both before and during the Panchayat regime.
1957 coup d'état attempt
King Mahendra used his residual power of
Janakpur bomb incident
On January 22, 1962, King Mahendra visited the Janaki Mandir temple after completing his eastern tour. Arvind Kumar Thakur and other anti-panchayat youths under the leadership of Durgananda Jha threw a bomb at the car he was traveling in when he was returning to the arena after performing religious visit.[43] Fifty nine people were arrested on the charge of their involvement in the incident and a special court was formed to investigate the incident.[44] The court found three people, Durgananda Jha, Arvind Kumar Thakur and Dal Singh Thapa, guilty on July 3, 1962.[44] They were slapped death penalty on grounds of treason and rebellion on September 4, 1963, after the introduction of new Nation's Legal Code (Muluki Ain) on 17 August 1963 since the old law did not allow the punishment of a person of Brahmin descent.[45] On January 29, 1964, Durgananda Jha was hanged until death[46] while Arvind Kumar Thakur and Dal Singh Thapa had their sentenced changed to life time imprisonment.[47]
Notable works and improvements
Promotion of nationalism
King Mahendra's role in the promotion of nationalism has been unforgettable. In nearly two centuries since Prithvi Narayan Shah, Nepal was administered as a single political entity from
He is also credited for introducing country's first
Diplomatic campaign
The role played by Mahendra in establishing Nepal in the international arena is important. From the thought of achieving membership of the United Nations to establishing Nepal as a zone of peace major attributions goes to King Mahendra. Adopting the principle of
In 2012 B.S, Nepal also became a member of the United Nations.
King's tenure is also seen as a golden age for Nepal in foreign relations. In addition to establishing diplomatic relations with many countries, the government was able to establish close ties with the Chinese government. He pursued a foreign policy of neutrality between China and India.[40] One of the historical diplomatic achievement of king Mahendra is his success in Nepal-China Boundary Treaty of 1961.[79] The border adjustments was made on grounds of equality by performing land-swapping with Nepal gaining more land than it gave. After the treaty Nepal gained 302.75 square kilometer more land from China.[80]
Development policy
King Mahendra introduced five years government plans to plan and oversee development in the country. Seeing the importance of planning in better development, the king established the National Planning Commission in 2013 BS.[81] For the first time the industrial policy of 1957 formally recognized the responsibility of the government in "promoting, assisting and regulating" industrial development in the country and the First Plan intended to establish state monopolies in the fields of transportation, telecommunication, hydro-electric power generation and irrigation, and to run some big industries, such as cement, sugar, cigarettes, textiles, iron and steel [82] From 1960 to 1965, government's population policy was to resettle people from the Hills to the Terai. However, in 1965, King Mahendra formally endorsed a new population policy to bring equilibrium between population and economic growth. The official policy was firstly to reduce population growth through socio-economic change, secondly through family planning program and only then through resettlement.[83] Following the promulgation of Nepal Electricity Corporation Act 2019, Nepal Electricity Corporation (NEC) came into operation in 1962 which was the main authority for responsible for providing electricity to the citizens.[84] The provision of planning for five years known as the five-year plan started during his reign from 1956.[81] He introduced Company Act for the first time in Nepal on 1964 to facilitate and manage the industrialization of the economy.[85][86] The highway built by the king has greatly contributed to the all round socio-economic development of the country. He launched the Back to the Village National Campaign in 1967 which was one of his largest rural development efforts. He established Nepal Sports Council to oversee the development of the sports activities in the country.
Economic reforms
Before 1956, Nepal did not have its own foreign currency reserve but rather maintained it in central bank of India. For getting the foreign currency amounts required to bear the expenses of
The responsibility of notes issuance was transferred from "Sadar Muluki khana" (Central Treasury) to the
Industrialization of economy
In July 1959, Nepal Industrial Development Corporation started serving as an industrial finance organization to expand Nepalese industries and services, including hotels, and industrial estates. King Mahendra laid the foundation of economic development by building physical infrastructure with the help of foreign aid. The foundation for the Industrial Estates (IEs) was laid with the establishment of Balaju Industrial Area in 1963 (2018 BS) with technical and financial assistance from the
During the Cold War, Nepal tried to boost the economy by creating an environment of economic cooperation between the two neighboring sides.
Contribution to health
The death of the first wife of King Mahendra due to birth complications led to the building of the kingdom's first
Malaria Eradication Project in the Terai region was launched for the first time in 1958 with the help of USAID.[124] After its success, several other projects to control and prevent smallpox, tuberculosis and leprosy were initiated in successive years. Programs to prevent nutritional disorders, and family planning, maternal and child health issues were also launched in successive years.
Various health centers were established between 1955 and 1958 such as in Dailekh (1955), Ramnagar Bhutaha, Sunsari (1956) and Chainpur, Sankhuwasabha (1957). Biratnagar Hospital, Dang Hospital and Baglung Hospital were also opened between 1955 and 1958. In 1958, government announced to build one health center in each 105 electoral constituency and announced to establish zonal hospitals in all 14 zones in 1961.[125] Within this policy the numbers reached 32 for hospitals and 104 for health centers in the public sector In the year 1963.[126]
Similarly in this period, hospitals funded by various NGO missions were established such as Scheer Memorial Hospital in banepa (1957), Pokhara Shining Hospital in Kaski (1957), Amp Pipal Hospital in
Agricultural development
To support animal husbandry and agriculture and to modernize the traditional agriculture
In late 1950s, king Mahendra gave a direct order to make feasibility studies of agricultural development in various parts of the country.[135] In the early 1960s, buckwheat and millet were the main agriculture products in Mustang, which were easy to produce but were extracting very little income since rice and wheat were the main products beyond its borders.[136] The then government of Nepal invested in apple farming for the first time in several areas around the region like mustang and Baitadi,[135] by setting up a regional agricultural outpost in 1966 which was later restructured as the Temperate Horticulture Development Center.[137] Along with the horticulture expert Pasang Sherpa and help of the Nepali army, government tested different varieties of the fruit on various qualities parameters, while disseminating the most successful cultivated ones to local farmers.[138][139] The technical and economic assistance provided to the farmers, as well as harvest and grooming tools and equipment promoted apples and agro products in Marpha, Jomsom and Thak Khola villages of Mustang which eventually introduced this region as the apple farmland of the country.[136][140] According to the Companies Act, "The Timber Corporation of Nepal Limited" (TCN), later restructured as Nepal Forest corporation, was established in 1960 to systematically collect and chop firewood produced by forest management and supply it to the general public.[141]
Cigarette was one of the major import during panchayat regime so people were encouraged to cultivate tobacco and Janakpur Cigarette Factory was established to make use of such tobacco and reduce the import of cigarette in the country.[81]
Tourism development
He also focused on the development of tourism in Nepal. Apparently, he built many houses, rest houses,
Transportation development
Earlier, Nepalis were compelled to travel via Indian territory while visiting from one district to another district. King Mahendra ended this situation by constructing a highway with foreign assistance.
On 15 June 1955,
In the same year, 1959,
Buildings and structures
The Koshi River Barrage, a product of multiple ideas to control monsoon floods was constructed during his reign between 1959 and 1963 with the motive of irrigation of agricultural fields, flood control and generation of hydroelectricity. In 1959, king Mahendra and Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru jointly inaugurated and laid foundation of Koshi Barrage.[206] Koshi Barrage was believed to be biggest water project of south Asia at the time of its construction.[207]
A similar dam, the Gandaki river dam was built between the period of 1959 to 1964 on the border between India and Nepal at Gandak for the purpose of flood control, irrigation and hydropower generation.[206][208] Also, Trisuli dam was built in 1971.[81] In 1956 (2013 BS), the first 1728 KW diesel plant of the country was established for the coronation of king Mahendra which opened the door for supply of electricity to the public and made it more accessible.[84] Hydro Power generated at Trishuli Hydropower Station, Sunkoshi Hydro Power Project, Panauti Hydro Power,[209] Kulekhani Hydro Power are some of the few power projects built during King Mahendra's rule. He is also credited for the vision of Kathmandu water project also known as Melamchi Water Supply Project though his early demise could not bring the plan into implementation.[210] The first bridge connecting Nepal with China was also built during his reign in 1964.[211][177]
Educational reforms
At the beginning of king's reign the literacy rate of the country was estimated to be 5 percent and it reached 10 percent in 1960[212] while it reached 18 percent in 1971. After the 1960 coup, efforts were made to establish an education system. The All Round National Education Committee was established in 1961, and the National Education Advisory Board in 1968 in order to implement and refine the education system.[212] Nepal 's 1965's education plan and 1971's education plan hastened the educational development in the country. In the year 1971 (2028 BS), it was King Mahendra who formulated the education policy of the nation and implemented it by making the Education Act. In this year, Nepal's own education came into operation as an integral part of the Fourth Five-Year Plan (1970–75) designed to address individual as well as societal needs towards the goals of national development. This new education system boycotted foreign books and education system. Furthermore, he wrote books named Mahendra Malla for schools to give priority to Nepal and Nepali language and boycotted Indian Books.[3] The introduction of the first University of the country, Tribhuvan University was the landmark contributions made by King Mahendra in reforming education sector. At that time King Mahendra's family raised 16 lakh rupees by selling gold jewelries in order to fund the project.[65] He later modernized Tribhuvan University, creating conditions for higher education in Nepal, and displaced Indian books from the curriculum. He also started production of books in Nepal with the introduction of Jana Shiksha Samagri Kendra Limited. King Mahendra's diplomacy also made arrangements to send Nepali students to study in Russia on scholarships.[213][81]
As a memorial to his wife, one of the famous public college,
Information and communication development
The telephone service in the country was initially, exclusively aimed for use in the Palaces of feudal
Political reforms
After the 1962 war between China and India, Chinese troops occupied mountain areas east and west of Nepal in an attempt to resolve border disputes with India by simply occupying disputed territories.
Social reforms
In 1955 (2012 B.S), with the enactment of the Police Act, there were attempts to boost the morale of the army.[232] National Police Academy was established under this act. The electricity produced in the country at the beginning was exclusively aimed for use in the Palaces of feudal rulers. However, since the day of coronation of King Mahendra in 1955, electricity became more open and accessible to the public.[84] On 17 August 1963 a new legal code was promulgated replacing the Muluki Ain of 1854 with the new Muluki ain. The Muluki Ain (people's code) and made attempt to break untouchables, caste discrimination and policy of gender-discrimination.[233][234] He then introduced the Nepal Civil Service Act to develop employee skills,[235] ending the long era of the Panjani practice. Nepal Public Commission was established under this act for reforming and developing the civil service. This move ended the long-standing tradition of directly electing, dismissing and transferring government officials by the king and started the tradition of electing only eligible candidates. In 1963, a Central Police Training Centre was established to train and reform the police.[236] Rajya reform abolished special privileges of some aristocratic elites in western Nepal. The new panchayat system managed to bring 50,000 to 60,000 people into a single system of representative government in a way that had been rendered impossible for the elite-based political parties. Nepal was able to carry out its second plan (1962–65) and third plan (1965-70), and to begin the Fourth Five-Year Plan (1970–75).[39] He was also the first ruler to bring high class Brahmin rulers under the equal rule of punishment.[46] His wife, queen Ratna had huge love for children for which he desired to establish an orphanage. So he provided 25 ropanies of land to establish the first orphanage of the country to Daya Bir Kansakar under the name of Paropkar Sansthan.[237] Moreover, he became the first king to donate blood in Nepal in order to create awareness between people about blood donation. He was also concerned about illegal Indians entering the nation and taking benefit in the name of local, so he introduced the system of citizenship in 1964.[238]
Promotion of art, history and culture
In order to preserve the local traditions, religion and culture, way of life, festivals and languages, he had established the
Promotion of religion
The constitution introduced by King Mahendra in 1962 officially recognized
After being member of the UN, King Mahendra invited the
In 1962 (2021
Land reforms
In 1959, the Birta Abolition Act was enacted which gave poor people and farmers ownership to the land they were historically working on. Birta land was then converted into Raikar through this act.[263] Similarly, the Land Survey and Measurement Act was introduced in 1962. It classified land as Abal, Doyam, Sim, and Chahar.[263] This act effectively established a Land Administration Office (Nepali:भूमि प्रशासन कार्यालय).The Agricultural Reorganization Act, passed in 1963 emphasized security for tenant farmers and put a ceiling on landholdings.[264] Likewise, land reform act 1964 ended the feudal land ownership practice and secured the right of farmers.[265] This land reform policy led to the confiscation of large Rana estates and provided land to many landless people.[266][267] In the meantime, the Land Administration Act, 1966 was promulgated which further reformed the land administration office changing it into Land Revenue office(Nepali: मालपोत कार्यालय).[268] Moreover, He had provided accommodation to ex- soldiers who knew how to wield weapons and to Nepalese who were expelled from Burma and set up settlements of Nepalis in the Terai from Jhapa to Kanchanpur so that the Indians would not oppress them.[64] He also provided passport to the people of Manang region and waived custom duty for them so that the people of the region could use their lands to grow herbs and trade in the nearby regions.[269] Eradication of Malaria and the land settlement programs contributed to a massive movement of population from the hills into the Terai, resulting in a large increase in the area devoted to agriculture.[39][270]
Criticisms
Dismantling of democracy
Mahendra seized power after dissolving the government of Nepali Congress, jailed any objectors and moved steadily towards an authoritarian rule.[271] He considered political parties anti-national elements and put a complete ban on them in favor of a partyless system.[272] While he believed himself to be a supporter of democracy and considered the Panchayat system to be a democratic regime, the claim was rejected by many. He also criticized and objected to King Tribhuvan's decision to accept a multiparty democracy and an arrangement for a constituent assembly. Mahendra once said, "The constitution is given by the King. It is not supposed to be made by the people. "(translated from Nepali).[7]
Authoritarianism
Mahendra gave himself absolute power following the coup and tried to establish his image as a patriotic and benevolent ruler. He suppressed all his critics and launched a propaganda campaign through radio, newspapers and pamphlets that boosted his popularity among the people and established himself as a god-like figure. Critics also see his one-country one-language one-monarch policy as the height of his abuse of authority. Some people also claim that his introduction of the reformed Muluki Ain was not to bring equality in the society but rather to give death sentences to the Brahmin leaders of rebellions who had tried to assassinate him.[45]
Some critics claim that Mahendra stole the development plans of B.P Koirala and credited himself as the architect of the developmental process of the era.[273] Mahendra made a conscious effort to consolidate his hold over the Nepalese Army.[274]
"One-Country, One-monarch, One-language, One-dress" policy
Mahendra's efforts to unite the multicultural country under a singular culture have faced heavy criticism from progressives. The system equated the identity of the country with the
Accusations of creating an institution favoring the rich
Many critics consider the Panchayat system to be an institution that innately favored the rich and Mahendra to be the patron saint of the feudal lords and landlords of the country.[279] Ganesh Man Singh criticized the establishment of the Nepal Rastra Bank saying, "The Central Bank, opened for the benefit of landlords and right-wing traders, does not benefit the poor." (translated from Nepali)[280] Some also argue that the 1960 coup happened because the then BP Koirala government could not keep the feudal lords happy.[281]
Memorial constructions
Mahendra was criticized for constructing various memorials and statues for himself and his wife and for naming various landmarks, schools and parks after him and his family members. Ratna Park, named after King Mahendra's wife Rani Ratna, a prime example of it. The statue of Queen Ratna Rajya Lakshmi Devi at Ratnapark was vandalized by republican protestors in 2062 BS. The Kathmandu Metropolitan City changed the name of the park to Shankdhar Udyan in 2077 BS and erected a statue of Sankhadar Shakwa instead of the one of Queen Ratna.[282] Similarly, naming various development projects like Prithvi highway, Mahendra highway, Kanti highway, Tribhuvan airport etc. after their family members was seen as his attempt to improve the image of the royal family among the common people.
Failed land-reform policy
The land-reform policy introduced by Mahendra is considered to be a major failure by many people. Land reform efforts began with the enactment of the Land and Cultivation Record Compilation Act (1956), through which the government began compiling tenant records and continued with the Lands Act (1957). These acts were not much successful in increasing small farmers so further efforts had to made.[283] The Agricultural Reorganization Act, passed in 1963 emphasized security for tenant farmers and put a ceiling on landholdings.[264] Likewise, land reform act 1964 ended the feudal land ownership practice and secured the right of farmers.[265] However, there were loopholes in the acts which allowed landlords to control most of the lands. Though, these policies were successful in securing the rights of farmers, it was not so in the case of land redistribution. Until 1972, average landholdings remained small. Moreover, the double ownership law of land introduced by the Panchayat through 'Mohiyai hak' became a major hindrance in development in the decades to come.[283]
Child-less second marriage
After the death of his first wife
Personality
Historians define Mahendra as an ambitious ruler.[284][285] He was courageous and visionary who would not be reluctant to take any steps.[286] Swiss scholar, Toni Hagen described him as very clever ruler who could handle delicate issues.[287][288] He was a deep admirer of Nepalese literature, art and culture which led to himself composing several poems which were later sung by many famous singers. He was proficient in Nepali, English, Hindi and Sanskrit Language.
Hobbies
Mahendra went in for various activities like noblemen of his era and subsequent eras. MBB Shah (Nepali: म. वी. वि. शाह) is the literary name of King Mahendra. MBB Shah is a more passionate poet of the Romantic section of Nepali poetry. King Mahendra wrote various songs and poems. He is also called the first lyricist of Nepal by some sources.[289] He penned Lolayeka Tee[290][291], Gajalu Tee Thula Thula Aakha,[292] Garchin Pukar Aaama,[293] Aakashma Tirmire,[294] Kina Kina Timro Tasbir,[295] ma mare pani mero desh bachi rahos,[296] Rara ki Apsara[146] etc. which were later sung by Gulam Ali and Lata Mangeshkar.[297] He was also fond of hunting and would regularly go to hunting with her queen to different places.[298]
Offspring
Name | Birth | Death | Spouse | Children |
---|---|---|---|---|
Princess Shanti | 20 November 1940 | 1 June 2001 (aged 60) | Deepak Jang Bahadur Singh | Binod Singh Pramod Singh Chhaya Devi |
Princess Sharada | 2 February 1942 | 1 June 2001 (aged 59) | Khadga Bikram Shah | Bikash Bikram Shah Deebas Bikram Shah Ashish Bikram Shah |
King Birendra | 29 December 1945 | 1 June 2001 (aged 55) | Queen Aishwarya | King Dipendra Princess Shruti Prince Nirajan |
King Gyanendra | 7 July 1947 | Living (age 74) | Queen Komal | Crown prince Paras Princess Prerana |
Princess Shova | 17 January 1949 | Living (age 73) | Mohan Bahadur Shahi | None |
Prince Dhirendra | 14 January 1950 | 1 June 2001 (aged 51) | Princess Prekshya Jaya Shah Pandey Shirley Greaney |
Princess Puja Princess Dilasha Princess Sitashma Shreya Shah Ushaana Laela Shah |
Other than his 6 children, King Mahendra also had a son from one of his concubine Gita Gurung, who was born before any other child from his legal marriage.[299] Gita worked in the royal palace as a servant when Mahendra was a prince.
Memorial
Many structures, institutions, locations and honors have been built and introduced in the memory of King Mahendra. Monuments erected in his name were renamed after the restoration of the parliament in 2063 BS and the end of the monarchy in 2065 BS. After the political changes of 2063 BS, an attempt was made to rename the highway built in the name of the king as Lok Marg. Even though the Ratna Park named after his queen was renamed as
Bagmati Province
- Shree Mahendra Kiran Higher Secondary School, Manahari,( Makwanpur)
- Shree Mahendra Higher Secondary School, Chhatiwan,( Makwanpur)
- Shree Mahendra Jyoti Higher Secondary School, Handikhola,( Makwanpur)
- Mahendra Chowk, Hetauda[302]
- Shree Mahendra Secondary, Padampokhari (Hetauda)
- Mahendra Kiran Higher Secondary School, (Hetauda)
- Mahendra Mriga Kunja (Mahendra Deer Park), Chitwan[303][304]
- Shree 5 Mahendra Memorial Eye Hospital, Bharatpur, Chitwan[305]
- Mahendra Bus Park, Chitwan[306]
- Shree Mahendra Higher Secondary School,Chaturale (Nuwakot)
- Shree Mahendra Higher Secondary School,Charghare, (Nuwakot)
- Shree Mahendragram Higher Secondary School, Nagarkot
- Mahendra Jyoti village development committee
- Mahendra Higher Secondary School, Sanga, Banepa
- Shree Mahendra Higher Secondary School, Kunchok, Sindhupalchok
- Shree Mahendra Secondary School, Ichok, Sindhupalchok
- Mahendra Pratap Secondary School, Dhuskun, Sindhupalchok
- shree mahendra higher secondari school, Nilkantha, Dhading
- Shree Mahendrodaya Hss school, Dhading
Gandaki Province
- Shree Mahendra Secondary School, Narethanti, (Baglung)
- Mahendra statue, Humde (Manang)[269]
- Mahendra Chowk, Putalibazar, (Syangja)
- Shree Mahendra secondary school, Malyangkot, (Syangja)
- Mahendra Cave, Pokhara
- Shree Mahendra Secondary School, Pokhara lekhnath, (Pokhara)
- Mahendra Secondary School, Naya bazar, (Pokhara)
- Mahendra Secondary School, bhalam, (Pokhara)[307]
- Mahendrapul, Pokhara
- Mahendra Multiple Campus, Pokhara
- Mahendra statue, Bhraga (Manang)[269]
- Mahendra Jyoti Secondary School, Lunkhu Deurali, (Parbat)
- Shree Mahendra Shikhari Secondary School, Bajung, (Parbat)
- Shree Mahendra Shakti Secondary School, Bakrang, (Gorkha)
- Shree Mahendra Leela Secondary School Siranchok, (Gorkha)
- Mahendra Jyoti school, (Gorkha)
- Mahendra Jyoti Secondary School, Durbar Marga, (Gorkha)
- Shree Mahendra Secondary School, Sukhaura, (Baglung)
- Shree Mahendra Jyoti Higher Secondary School, Shyamgha,(Tanahu )
- Shree Mahendra Secondary School, Lahachowk, Kaski
- Shree Mahendra mandir secondary school, Sundarbazar, (Lamjung)
- Mahendra High school, Barangja, (Myagdi)
- Mahendra Higher Secondary School, Jagat Bhanjyang, Syangja
Karnali Province
- Mahendra Daha
- Shree Mahendra Higher Secondary School, Chhiwang, (Rukum)
- Shree Mahendra higher secondary school, Dullu, (Dailekh)
Kathmandu Valley
- Mahendra Bhawan Higher Secondary Boarding School, Gyaneshwor, (Kathmandu)
- Mahendra statue, Durbar Marg, (Kathmandu)
- Mahendra statue, Kaalimati, (Kathmandu)
- Mahendra statue, Pashupatinath temple, (Kathmandu)
- Mahendra Park, Balaju, (Kathmandu)
- Mahendra Ratna Campus[308]
- Mahendra statue, Hanuman Dhoka
- Mahendra Bhawan Girls' Higher Secondary Boarding School, (Kathmandu)
- Mahendra Museum, Hanuman Dhoka[309]
- Mahendra Rastriya Secondary School, Baluwataar,(Kathmandu) [310]
- Mahendra statue as M.B.B shah (Nepal Academy)
- Mahendra Adarsha Vidhyashram College, Lalitpur[311]
- Shree Mahendra Adarsha Higher Secondary School, Mahalaxmi, Lalitpur
- Mahendra Adarsha Vidhyashram Secondary School / College, Satdobato, Lalitpur[312]
- Mahendra Manzil, Narayanhiti Palace
- Shree Mahendra Gram Secondary School, Tikathali, Lalitpur
- Mahendra Bhawan Marga, (Kathmandu)
- Shree Mahendra Shanti Secondary School, Balkot,( Bhaktapur)
- Mahendra Bhrikuti Secondary School, Lalitpur
- Mahendra Adarsha Marga, Lalitpur
- Mahendra Boudha Secondary School, Kathmandu
- Shree Mahendra Gram Higher Secondary School, Changunarayan, Bhaktapur
- Mahendra Secondary School, Shankharapur, Kathmandu
- Shri Mahendra Saraswati Sewa Lower Secondary School, Teku, Kathmandu
Lumbini Province
- Shree Mahendra Secondary School, Krishnanagar, Kapilvastu
- Mahendra Chowk, Butwal
- Shree Mahendra Secondary School, Banganga, Kapilvastu
- Mahendra Stadium, Nepalgunj
- Mahendra Park, Nepalgunj
- Mahendra Multiple Campus, Nepalgunj
- Mahendra Airport, Nepalgunj
- Shree Mahendra Higher Secondary School, Mallarani, ( Pyuthan)
- Mahendra Higher Secondary School, ( Pyuthan)
- Mahendra Multiple Campus, Dang[313]
- Shree Mahendra higher secondary school, Dang
- Mahendra Sanskrit University, Dang
- Shree Mahendra Secondary School, Somani, (Nawalparasi)
- Shree Mahendra Secondary School, Sarawal, (Nawalparasi)
- Mahendra Hospital, Ghorahi, Dang
- Mahendra Higher Secondary School, Tulsipur, Dang
- Mahendra Model Secondary School. Tamghas,(Gulmi)[314]
- Mahendra Adarsha School, Wamitaksar, (Gulmi)
- Shree Mahendra Higher Secondary School, Kerunga, Arghakhanchi
- Mahendra Bodi Higher Secondary School, Tansen, Palpa
Madesh Province
- Shree Mahendra secondary school, Singyahi, Mahottari
- Mahendra Adarsha Village Development Committee
- Mahendranagar town, Dhanusha
- Mahendra Chowk, Jaleshwor, Mahottari
- Mahendra Janata H.S.School, Karmaiya, Sarlahi
- Shri Mahendra National Higher Secondary School, Ramgopalpur, Mahottari
- Shree 5 Mahendra higher secondary school, khadak, (Saptari)
- Shree Paanch Mahendra Chunni Secondary School, Manraja, Saptari
- Mahendra Bindeshwari Multiple Campus, (Saptari)
Province No 1
- Mahendra Ratna Multiple Campus, Illam
- Mahendra statue, Mahendra Park(Chandragadhi)[315]
- Mahendra Park,
- Mahendra Multiple Campus, Dharan
- Mahendra path, Dharan
- Shree Mahendra Higher Secondary School, Itahari
- Mahendranagar Municipality
- Shree Mahendra Jyoti Secondary School, Chaurikharka, (Solukhumbu)
- Mahendra Chowk, Pathari-Sanischare Municipality, (Morang)
- Shree Mahendra Higher Secondary School, Biratnagar
- Mahendra Chowk, Biratnagar[316]
- Mahendra Marga, Biratnagar[316]
- Mahendra Morang Adarsh Multiple Campus
- Shree Mahendra Higher Secondary School, Kamal Gaun Palika, (Jhapa)
- Shree Mahendra Secondary School, Sharanamati, (Jhapa)
- Mahendra Jyoti Higher Secondary School, Garamani, (Jhapa)
- Shree Mahendra Higher Secondary School, Khandbari, Sankhuwasabha
- Shree Mahendra Higher Secondary School, Manebhanjyang, Okhaldhunga
- Shree Mahendra Secondary School, Bharaul, Sunsari
- Mahendra higher secondary school, Itahara, (Morang)
- Shree Mahendra secondary school, Dangihat, (Morang)
- Shree Mahendra Secondary School, Woplukha, (Khotang)
- Mahendranagar town, Sunsari
- Shree Mahendra Secondary School, Mahendranagar, Sunsari
- Mahendra Ratna Higher Secondary School, Birtamode, (Jhapa)
Sudurpashchim Province
- Mahendranagar Bazaar, Bhimdatta
- Mahendranagar Airport, Mahendranagar
- Mahendranagar Town, Mahakali
- Mahendra statue, Attariya (Kailali)[317]
- Mahendra Higher Secondary School, Darchula
- Mahendra Griha, Tikapur Park[318]
- Mahendra Statue Park, Bhimdatta
- Mahendra Higher Secondary School, Bhimdatta
- Mahendra Secondary School, Sanfebagar, Achham
- Mahendra Secondary School, Amargadhi, Dadeldhura
- Mahendra Higher Secondary School, Dahabagar, (Bajhang),
Others
- Mahendra Highway
- Mahendra Mala Book[3]
- Mahendra Police Club
- King Mahendra Trust for Nature Conservation
- Mahendra Mala Manapadvi
- Mahendra Pragya Puraskar[319]
- Mahendra Gold Cup
- Mahendra Bhawan Scout Troop
- His Majesty King Mahendra Bir Bikram Shaha Deva (An Analytical Biography)[320]
- King Mahendra Poetic Values and Technique Based on the Kashmiri Pandit Tradition (book)
Death and succession
Mahendra suffered a massive second heart attack whilst on a winter hunting trip in Chitwan where he was attended to by his trusted Physicians Dr Mrigendra Raj Pandey and Dr Sachey Kumar Pahari. King Mahendra was in a stable but critical condition and eventually breathed his last at Diyalo Bangala, the royal palace in Bharatpur on 31 January 1972.[321] The King's body was subsequently flown to Kathmandu by helicopter in preparation for the State Funeral.[322]
His son Birendra ascended the Nepalese throne on 31 January 1972 immediately after his father's death at the age of 27. However, his coronation took place only on 24 February 1975 at the age of 29 due to Hindu ritual for an auspicious date and the astrologers had claimed only that time to be auspicious.
Honors
British Field Marshal
King Mahendra was appointed as a
King Mahendra and Queen's visit to US
King Mahendra and Queen Ratna visited the US in 1960 and 1967. In 1960 they were greeted by President
Other honors were as follows
National
- Sovereign of the Order of Nepal Pratap Bhaskara
- Sovereign of the Order of Ojaswi Rajanya
- Sovereign of the Order of Nepal Taradisha
- Sovereign of the Order of Tri Shakti Patta
- Sovereign of the Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu
- Mahendra Mala Manapadvi (26 February 1961)[326]
- Commemorative Silver Jubilee Medal of King Tribhuvan (11 December 1936)[327]
Foreign
- 2500th Anniversary of the founding of the Persian Empire, 14 October 1971.[328]
- Japan: Collar of the Order of the Chrysanthemum, 19 April 1960[329][330]
- Portugal: Grand Cross of the Order of Saint James of the Sword, 13 July 1960[331]
- France: Grand Cross of the Order of Legion of Honour, 24 February 1956[332]
- Belgium: Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold II, 1964
- Germany: Grand Cross Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany, 1964
- Kingdom of Laos: Collar of the Order of the Million Elephants and the White Parasol, 1970[citation needed]
- Netherlands Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion, 25 April 1967.[citation needed]
- United Kingdom: Recipient of the Royal Victorian Chain, 26 February 1961[citation needed]
- Philippines: Collar of the Order of Sikatuna, Rank of Raja, April 22, 1971.[335]
Ancestry
Ancestors of Mahendra of Nepal | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Notes
- ^1 Possibly no heir for the time period of 1911 through 1920. Previous Crown Prince: Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah, from 1906 to 1911.
Regnal titles
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- ^ Duncan, Andrew (6 March 2021). "On the road in West Nepal". Retrieved 30 July 2022.
- ^ Himalayan News service (13 March 2004). "Litterateurs to be feted". thehimalayantimes.com. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
- ^ Krishnamurti, Y. G. (1 January 1963). His Majesty King Mahendra Bir Bikram Shaha Deva (An Analytical Biography). The Nityanand Society.
- ^ "राजा महेन्द्र : त्यो अपत्यारिलो अवसान". Jagaran Post. 31 January 2022. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
- ^ "राजा महेन्द्र निधनको ५० वर्ष : अप्रत्यासित अवसान, अझै रहस्य". Nepal Live. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
- ISBN 978-0-85052-696-7pp. 204–205.
- ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "Late King Mahendra and Queen's visit to USA in 1967". YouTube. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
- ^ "Nepal - Visits by Foreign Leaders - Department History - Office of the Historian". Retrieved 4 February 2022.
- ^ "संस्मरण : तक्मा र तोक्मा, भट्टी पसल्नीदेखि महाराजधिराजसम्म". Dcnepal. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
- ^ "ODM of Nepal: King Tribhuvan Silver Jubilee Medal 1935". Retrieved 20 July 2016.
- ^ "Grand State Banquet". Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 20 July 2016.
- ^ "Embassy of Japan in Nepal". www.np.emb-japan.go.jp. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
- ^ Pathé, British. "Japan: Nepalese King Visits Japanese Emperor". www.britishpathe.com. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
- ^ Presidência da República
- ^ "Bilateral relations". La France au Népal. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2022.
- ^ Studio, University of Detroit Mercy Libraries/Instructional Design. "University Honors". libraries.udmercy.edu. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
- ^ Magazine, New Spolight. "King Mahendra A First Nepali To Receive Honorary Doctor of Law from U.S. University". SpotlightNepal. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
- ^ "The Order of Sikatuna | GOVPH". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
External links
- Media related to Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev at Wikimedia Commons