Limnoria lignorum

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Limnoria lignorum
Limnoria lig
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Malacostraca
Superorder: Peracarida
Order: Isopoda
Family: Limnoriidae
Genus: Limnoria
Species:
L. lignorum
Binomial name
Limnoria lignorum
(Rathke, 1799) [1]
Synonyms
  • Cymothoa lignora Rathke, 1799
  • Cymothoa lignorum Rathke, 1799
  • Limnoria terebrans Leach, 1815[2]

Limnoria lignorum, commonly known as the gribble, is a

isopod in the family Limnoriidae
. It is found in shallow water in the North Atlantic and North Pacific Ocean where it tunnels into wood and attacks and destroys submerged wooden structures.

Description

Limnoria lignorum grows to a maximum length of 5.6 mm (0.22 in) but a more usual size range is 1 to 4 mm (0.04 to 0.16 in). It is a yellowish colour and is about three times as long as it is broad.[3] It has a woodlouse-like body with fourteen segments. It bores its way into wood to a depth of about 12 mm (0.5 in).[4]

Distribution

Limnoria lignorum is found in the boreal and temperate seas of the northern Atlantic Ocean and North Sea and it is also known from the west coast of North America. Its range extends from Norway southwards to France,

location is Norway.[3]

Biology

Gribbles tunnelling

Limnoria lignorum is a wood borer and in favourable conditions can be present in large numbers, with densities of as many as four hundred individuals per 1 in3 (16.4 cm3) of wood. The isopods are very small and the damage is at first confined to near the surface of the wood. The tunnels are about 1 mm (0.04 in) in diameter and usually follow the line of less-lignified material. As the upper layer of wood crumbles away under this onslaught, deeper parts of the timber are attacked and in time, pilings and other wooden structures are eaten away.[6]

Limnoria lignorum ingest wood fragments as they burrow. They do not seem to house bacteria in their gut that are able to digest

hyphae directly or may consume them indirectly in wood that is already softened as a result of attack by fungi and bacteria.[7] The enzymes it produces to break up wood into sugars which it can digest are being investigated for producing biofuel.[8]

The eggs of Limnoria lignorum are retained by the female in the brood pouch under her thorax. The eggs hatch directly into mancae, juveniles that are miniature versions of the adult, which means there is no free-living larval stage to aid dispersal of this species. It has been shown that the water temperature influences reproductive processes. Little tunnelling or reproduction takes place during the winter but activity starts earlier in the year and continues later, and the young develop more rapidly under the warmer conditions that exist near the exit of a water cooling system.[9]

Effect on piers

It has been known to damage wooden piles in piers, something first observed in 1810 by Robert Stevenson in the timbers he used in constructing the Bell Rock Lighthouse.[10] In 1830 the Trinity Chain Pier had to be almost completely rebuilt after attack from the organism.[11] The use of creosote does not protect wood against it.[10]

References

  1. ^ a b Schotte, Marilyn (2013). "Limnoria lignorum (Rathke, 1799)". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2014-03-19.
  2. ^ "DEpository: information about the fauna of Germany". Retrieved 14 September 2015.
  3. ^ a b "Limnoria lignorum". Invasive Species Compendium. CABI. 2013-09-25. Retrieved 2014-03-19.
  4. ^ "Gribble". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2014-03-19.
  5. ^ de Kluijver, M. J.; Ingalsuo, S. S. "Limnoria lignorum". Macrobenthos of the North Sea: Crustacea. Marine Species Identification Portal. Retrieved 2014-03-19.
  6. JSTOR 1537402
    .
  7. doi:10.1007/BF02619480
    .
  8. ^ "Meet the gribbles". BBSRC. 28 November 2012. Archived from the original on 1 June 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
  9. doi:10.2307/2401353
    .
  10. ^ a b Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Oliver & Boyd. 1862. pp. 612–616.
  11. ^ Brewster, Sir David (1828). The Edinburgh Journal of Science. Vol. 8. William Blackwood. pp. 157–158.
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