Lionel Trilling
Lionel Trilling | |
---|---|
Literary critic, professor | |
Years active | 1931–1975 |
Employer | Columbia University |
Known for | Literary criticism |
Notable work | The Liberal Imagination (1950) |
Spouse | |
Children | James Trilling |
Relatives | Billy Cross (nephew) |
Website | Official website |
Lionel Mordecai Trilling (July 4, 1905 – November 5, 1975) was an American
Personal and academic life
Lionel Mordecai Trilling was born in
In 1929 he married Diana Rubin, and the two began a lifelong literary partnership. In 1932 he returned to Columbia to pursue his doctoral degree in English literature and to teach literature. He earned his doctorate in 1938 with a dissertation about Matthew Arnold that he later published. He was promoted to assistant professor the following year, becoming Columbia's first tenured Jewish professor in its English department.[3] He was promoted to full professor in 1948.
Trilling became the George Edward Woodberry Professor of Literature and Criticism in 1965. He was a popular instructor and for thirty years taught Columbia's Colloquium on Important Books, a course about the relationship between literature and cultural history, with Jacques Barzun. His students included Lucien Carr, Jack Kerouac, Donald M. Friedman,[4] Allen Ginsberg, Eugene Goodheart, Steven Marcus, John Hollander, Richard Howard, Cynthia Ozick, Carolyn Gold Heilbrun, George Stade, David Lehman, Leon Wieseltier, Louis Menand, Robert Leonard Moore[5] and Norman Podhoretz.
Trilling was the George Eastman Visiting Professor at the
Trilling died of pancreatic cancer in 1975.[7] He was survived by his wife and son, James Trilling, an art historian who served as a former curator at the George Washington University Museum and Textile Museum.[8] His nephew Billy Cross is a musician residing in Denmark.[9]
Partisan Review and the "New York Intellectuals"
In 1937, Trilling joined the recently revived magazine
The Partisan Review was associated with the New York Intellectuals – Trilling, his wife
In his preface to the essays collection, Beyond Culture (1965), Trilling defended the New York Intellectuals: "As a group, it is busy and vivacious about ideas, and, even more, about attitudes. Its assiduity constitutes an authority. The structure of our society is such that a class of this kind is bound by organic filaments to groups less culturally fluent that are susceptible to its influence."
Critical and literary works
Trilling wrote one novel, The Middle of the Journey (1947), about an affluent Communist couple's encounter with a
Trilling published two complex studies of authors
In 2008, Columbia University Press published an unfinished novel that Trilling had abandoned in the late 1940s. Scholar Geraldine Murphy discovered the half-finished novel among Trilling's papers archived at Columbia University.[14] Trilling's novel, The Journey Abandoned: The Unfinished Novel, is set in the 1930s and involves a young protagonist, Vincent Hammell, who seeks to write a biography of an older poet, Jorris Buxton. Buxton's character is loosely based on the nineteenth century Romantic poet Walter Savage Landor.[14] Writer and critic Cynthia Ozick praised the novel's "skillful narrative" and "complex characters", writing, "The Journey Abandoned is a crowded gallery of carefully delineated portraits whose innerness is divulged partly through dialogue but far more extensively in passages of cannily analyzed insight."[15]
Politics
Trilling's politics have been strongly debated and, like much else in his thought, may be described as "complex." An often-quoted summary of Trilling's politics is that he wished to:[16]
[Remind] people who prided themselves on being liberals that liberalism was ... a political position which affirmed the value of individual existence in all its variousness, complexity, and difficulty.
Of ideologies, Trilling wrote, "Ideology is not the product of thought; it is the habit or the ritual of showing respect for certain formulas to which, for various reasons having to do with emotional safety, we have very strong ties and of whose meaning and consequences in actuality we have no clear understanding."[17]
Politically, Trilling was a noted member of the anti-Stalinist left, a position that he maintained to the end of his life.[18][19]
Liberal
In his earlier years, Trilling wrote for and in the liberal tradition, explicitly rejecting conservatism; from the preface to his 1950 essay The Liberal Imagination (emphasis added to the much-quoted last line):
In the United States at this time Liberalism is not only the dominant but even the sole intellectual tradition. For it is the plain fact that nowadays there are no conservative or reactionary ideas in general circulation. This does not mean, of course, that there is no impulse to conservatism or to reaction. Such impulses are certainly very strong, perhaps even stronger than most of us know. But the conservative impulse and the reactionary impulse do not, with some isolated and some ecclesiastical exceptions, express themselves in ideas but only in action or in irritable mental gestures which seek to resemble ideas.
Neoconservative
Some, both conservative and liberal, argue that Trilling's views became steadily more conservative over time. Trilling has been embraced as sympathetic to
His wife, Diana Trilling, claimed that neoconservatives were mistaken in thinking that Trilling shared their views. “I am of the firmest belief that he would never have become a neoconservative,” she announced in her memoir of their marriage, “The Beginning of the Journey,” adding that “nothing in his thought supports the sectarianism of the neoconservative."[20]
The extent to which Trilling may be identified with neoconservativism continues to be contentious, forming a point of debate.[21][page needed]
Moderate
Trilling has alternatively been characterized as solidly moderate, as evidenced by many statements, ranging from the very title of his novel, The Middle of the Journey, to a central passage from the novel:[22]
An absolute freedom from responsibility – that much of a child none of us can be. An absolute responsibility – that much of a divine or metaphysical essence none of us is.
Along the same lines, in reply to a taunt by Richard Sennett, "You have no position; you are always in between," Trilling replied, "Between is the only honest place to be."[23][page needed]
Works by Trilling
Fiction
- The Middle of the Journey. New York: Viking Press. 1947. LCCN 47031472.
- Of This Time, of That Place and Other Stories. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. 1979. ISBN 015168054X. (Selected by Diana Trilling and published posthumously.)
- Geraldine Murphy, ed. (2008). The Journey Abandoned: The Unfinished Novel. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231144506. (Published posthumously)
Non-fiction and essays
- Matthew Arnold. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. 1939. LCCN 39027057. (Based on Trilling's Ph.D. thesis.)
- E.M. Forster. Norfolk, Conn.: New Directions Books. 1943. LCCN 43011336.
- LCCN 50006914.
- The Opposing Self: Nine Essays in Criticism. New York: Viking Press. 1955. LCCN 55005871.
- Freud and the Crisis of Our Culture. Boston: Beacon Press. 1955. LCCN 55011594.
- Gathering of Fugitives. Boston: Beacon Press. 1956.
- Beyond Culture: Essays on Literature and Learning. New York: Viking Press. 1965. LCCN 65024276.
- Harvardin 1970.)
- Mind in the Modern World: The 1972 Thomas Jefferson Lecture in the Humanities. New York: Viking Press. 1973. ISBN 0670003778.
- Diana Trilling, ed. (1979). The Last Decade: Essays and Reviews, 1965–75. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 015148421X. (Published posthumously)
- Diana Trilling, ed. (1980). Speaking of Literature and Society. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 015184710X. (Published posthumously.)
- Leon Wieseltier, ed. (2000). The Moral Obligation to Be Intelligent: Selected Essays. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. ISBN 0374257949. (Published posthumously.)
- Arthur Krystal, ed. (2001). A Company of Readers: Uncollected Writings of W.H. Auden, Jacques Barzun, and Lionel Trilling from The Readers' Subscription and Mid-Century Book Clubs. New York: Free Press. ISBN 0743202627.
- Adam Kirsch, ed. (2018). Life in Culture: Selected Letters of Lionel Trilling. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. ISBN 9780374185152. (Published posthumously.)
Prefaces, afterwords, and commentaries
- Introduction to The Portable Matthew Arnold. New York: Viking Press. 1949. LCCN 49009982.
- Introduction to Selected Letters of John Keats. New York: Farrar, Straus and Young. 1951.
- Introduction to 'Collected Stories of Isaac Babel. New York: Criterion Books. 1955.
- Introduction to Austen, Jane (1957). Emma. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. (Riverside edition of Jane Austen's 1815 novel)
- Introduction to Pawel Mayewski, ed. (1958). The Broken Mirror: A Collection of Writings from Contemporary Poland. New York: Random House. LCCN 58010948.
- Introduction to Jones, Ernest (1961). The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud. New York: Basic Books. LCCN 61-1950.
- Afterword to Slesinger, Tess (1966). The Unpossessed. New York: Avon Books. (Reprint of Tess Slesinger's 1934 novel.)
- Preface and commentaries to The Experience of Literature: A Reader with Commentaries. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday. 1967. LCCN 67020030.
- Introduction to Trilling, Lionel (1970). Literary Criticism: An Introductory Reader. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. ISBN 0030795656.
- Introduction to James, Henry, The Princess Casamassima. New York, The Macmillan Company. 1948
Bibliography
- Shoben, Edward Joseph Jr. Lionel Trilling Mind and Character, Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1981, ISBN 0-8044-2815-8
- Bloom, Alexander. Prodigal Sons: The New York Intellectuals & Their World, Oxford University Press, 1986. ISBN 978-0-19-505177-3
- Chace, William M. “Lionel Trilling”, Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory and Criticism.
- Kirsch, Adam. Why Trilling Matters. Yale University Press, 2011. ISBN 978-0-300-15269-2.
- Krupnick, Mark. Lionel Trilling and the Fate of Cultural Criticism. Northwestern University Press, Evanston, 1986. ISBN 978-0-8101-0712-0
- Lask, Thomas. “Lionel Trilling, 70, Critic, Teacher and Writer, Dies”, The New York Times, November 5, 1975
- Leitch, Thomas M. Lionel Trilling: An Annotated Bibliography. New York: Garland, 1992
- Lionel Trilling, et al., The Situation in American Writing: A Symposium Partisan Review, Volume 6 5 (1939)
- Longstaff, S. A. “New York Intellectuals”, Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory and Criticism.
- O'Hara, Daniel T. Lionel Trilling: The Work of Liberation. U. of Wisconsin P, 1988.
- Trilling, Diana. The Beginning of the Journey: The Marriage of Diana and Lionel Trilling. Harcourt, Brace & Company, 1993. ISBN 0-15-111685-7.
- Trilling, Lionel. Beyond Culture: Essays on Literature and Learning.
- ISBN 0-8078-4169-2.
- Alexander, Edward. Lionel Trilling and Irving Howe: And Other Stories of Literary Friendship. Transaction, 2009. ISBN 978-1-4128-1014-2.[24]
- Kimmage, Michael. The Conservative Turn: Lionel Trilling, Whittaker Chambers, and the Lessons of Anti-Communism. Harvard University Press, 2009. ISBN 978-0-674-03258-3.[24]
- Ariano, Raffaele. Filosofia dell'individuo e romanzo moderno. Lionel Trilling tra critica letteraria e storia delle idee, Edizioni Storia e letteratura, 2019.
References
- ISBN 0-8032-8974-X.
- ^
Ahearn, Barry (1983). Zukofsky's "A": An Introduction. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. p. 12. ISBN 9780520049659. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
- ^ "Lionel Trilling papers, 1899-1987". Columbia University Libraries. Retrieved July 3, 2020.
- ^ "Donald M. Friedman". senate.universityofcalifornia.edu. Retrieved May 27, 2022.
- ^ Author of Compendiary (2 v., 2007–2009)
- ^ Jefferson Lecturers Archived October 20, 2011, at the Wayback Machine at NEH Website (Retrieved January 22, 2009).
- ^ ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
- ^ "James Trilling | Ceramic Art Museum at Alfred University". ceramicsmuseum.alfred.edu. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
- ^ "Musician Billy Cross '68 "Was in Heaven" at the College". Columbia College Today. September 9, 2022. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
- ^ Longstaff, S. A. “New York Intellectuals”, Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory and Criticism.
- ISBN 0-394-41969-3.
- ^ Trilling, Lionel (April 17, 1975). "Whittaker Chambers and 'The Middle of the Journey'". New York Review of Books. Retrieved October 9, 2010.
- ^ Trilling, Lionel, et al., The Situation in American Writing: A Symposium Partisan Review, Volume 6 5 (1939).
- ^ a b "Synopses & Reviews": The Journey Abandoned Powell's Books, 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-27.
- ^ Ozick, Cynthia (May 28, 2008), "Novel or Nothing", The New Republic, retrieved May 27, 2008,[dead link] review of The Journey Abandoned: The Unfinished Novel.
- ^ 1974 foreword to The Liberal Imagination, quoted and cited as "often repeated" in (Glick 2000)
- ^ "A Guide to the Work of Lionel Trilling".
- ^ Writing in the 1974 foreword to his 1950 collection The Liberal Imagination, (shortly before his 1975 death) he wrote that the essays were "with reference to a particular political-cultural situation, ... [namely] the commitment that a large segment of the intelligentsia of the West gave to the degraded version of Marxism known as Stalinism." (Glick 2000)
- ^
ISBN 978-0-8078-4169-3.
- ^ "Regrets Only: Lionel Trilling and his discontents" by Louis Menand, The New Yorker, September 22, 2008
- ^ Rodden 1999
- ^ (Glick 2000) writes "several reviewers quoted [this passage] as Trilling's central point"
- ^ Quoted in Sennett essay in (Rodden 1999)
- ^ a b The Never-Ending Journey[permanent dead link], Reviewed by D.G. Myers, Commentary Magazine, October 2009
Further reading
- Glick, Nathan (July 2000), "The Last Great Critic", The Atlantic Monthly
- Leitch, Thomas, "Lionel Trilling: An Annotated Bibliography", New York: Garland, 1992
- Menand, Louis (September 29, 2008), "Regrets Only: Lionel Trilling and his discontents.", The New Yorker
- Ozick, Cynthia, "Lionel Trilling and the Buried Life", The Din in the Head
External links
- Columbia University – Profile of Trilling
- Columbia University – Lionel Trilling Papers (1899–1987)
- Article on The Middle of the Journey
- Lionel Trilling at Columbia by Quentin Anderson
- Lionel Trilling at Find a Grave