Lithographic limestone
Lithographic limestone is hard
Geologists use the term "lithographic texture" to refer to a grain size under 1/250 mm.[1]
The term "sublithographic" is sometimes used for homogeneous fine-grained limestone with a somewhat coarser texture.[2]
Origin
The generally accepted theory for the origin of lithographic and sublithographic limestones is that they were formed in shallow,
Distribution
Europe
The original source for lithographic limestone was the
For many years, the Solnhofen deposits were the only source of lithographic limestone. French lithographic limestone from quarries near
Shortly before 1867, a second lithographic limestone quarry was opened in France near Cerin and Crey,
Lithographic limestone from the
The Americas
The American Lithographic Stone Company was organized in
In 1903, Clement L. Webster discovered a bed of lithographic limestone about 2 miles (3.2 km) southwest of Orchard, Iowa. His company, the Interstate Investment & Development Company platted a town named Lithograph City nearby and opened a quarry (43°11′38.2″N 92°48′59.52″W / 43.193944°N 92.8165333°W).[20][21] The Lithograph City Formation of the Cedar Valley Group straddles the border between the Middle and Late Devonian and was named for its exposure in this quarry. Outcrops of this formation extend from near Cedar Falls, Iowa north into Minnesota.[22] The suitability of Lithograph City limestone for lithography was tested by A. B. Hoen who reported that stone from two layers in the Lithograph City quarry was excellent for lithography and finer grained than the finest Solnhofen stone.[23] Lithograph City was an important source of lithographic stone in the United States during World War I, but the quarries closed as metal printing plates replaced stone. In 1918, the Devonian Products Company took over the operation, focusing on the production of crushed rock and renaming the town Devonia.[24] By 1938, the town had disappeared.[25]
See-also
- List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations
- List of types of limestone
- Marmora, Ontario
References
- ^ Lithographic limestone, Lithographic Texture, Glossary of Geology and Related Sciences, 2nd ed, The American Geological Institute, 1960; pages 170-171.
- ^ Ronald K. DeFord, Grain Size in Carbonate Rock, Geological Notes, Vol. 30, No. 11, 1946; pages 1921 - 1928; see particularly pages 1922-1923.
- ^ Brian J. Witzke and Bill J. Bunker, Sedimentation and stratigraphic architecture of a Middle Devonian (late Givetian) transgressive-regressive carbonate-evaporite cycle, Coralville Formation, Iowa area, Paleozoic Sequence Stratigraphy, Biostratigraphy, and Biogeography Geological Society of America Special Paper 321, 1997; pages 67-88.
- ^ a b Walter Etter, Solnhofen: Plattenkalk Preservation with Archaeopteryx, Chapter 18 of Exceptional Fossil Preservation: A Unique View of the Evolution of Marine Life; Columbia University Press, 2002; pages 327-350.
- ^ Annemarie Scholz, Günter Schweigert and Gerd Dietel, Bivalves from the Nusplingen Lithographic Limestone (Upper Jurassic, Southern Germany), Biodiversity 1, Dec. 30, 2008; pages 111-131.
- ^ Class I, Report on Mining, Quarrying, Metallurgical Operations, and Mineral Products, Reports by the Juries on the Subjects in the Thirty Classes Into Which the Exhibition was Divided, Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations, 1851, Clowes, London, 1852; page 28.
- ^ Hugo Bos, The story of the excellent litho stones from the French quarry of Maurice Dumas, no date.
- ^ André Béguin, A technical dictionary of printmaking, no date.
- ^ Théophile Steinlen, Le Locatiaire, Paris, 1913; [National Gallery of Australia http://cs.nga.gov.au/Detail.cfm?IRN=147699]
- ^ Reports of the United States Commissioners of the Paris Universal Exposition, 1867, General Survey of the Exhibition; Government Printing Office, Washington, 1868; page 54.
- ^ C. Gaillard, P. Bernier, J. C. Gall, Y. Gruet, G. Barale, J. P. Bourseau, E. Buffetaut and S. Wenz, Ichnofabric from the Upper Jurassic lithographic limestone of Cerin, southeast France, Paleontology Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine, Vol. 37, Part 2, 1994; pages 285-304.
- ^ Luis M. Chiappe and Antonio LaCasa-Ruiz, Noguerornis gonzalezi (Aves: Ornithothoraces) from the Early Cretaceous of Spain, Chapter 10 of Mesozoic Birds -- Above the Heads of Dinosaurs, University of California Press, 2002; pages 230-239.
- ^ Lithographic Stone, Mineral Resources of the United States, 1886 United States Geological Survey, 1887; page 690.
- ^ S. J. Kübel, Lithographic Stone Mineral Resources of the United States, Calendar Year 1900, United States Geological Survey, 1901; pages 869-873.
- ^ Chas. Butts, Mississippian Formations of Western Kentucky Kentucky Geological Survey, 1917; page 40.
- ^ Robert Peter and A. M. Peter, General Remarks on the Limestones of Kentucky, Chemical Analyses, A, Vol II Geological Survey of Kentucky, 1885; page 133.
- ^ Frank C. Schrader, Ralph W. Stone and Samuel Sanford, Useful Minerals of the United States, Bulletin 624, United States Geological Survey, 1917; page 142.
- ^ Lithographic Stone, a New American Product, Commerce Reports, Vol I, No. 39, Feb. 15, 1917; page 637.
- ^ Buttermilk Falls Trail page of Geocaching.com Archived 2014-12-02 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Interstate Investment & Development Co. v. Webster, Supreme Court of Iowa, The Northwestern Reporter, Vol. 177, West, St. Paul, 1920.
- ^ The Lithoggraph City Enterprise (reprints) Archived 2010-06-19 at the Wayback Machine Geological Society of Iowa, Oct. 16, 1995.
- ^ Bill J. Bunker, Brian J. Witzke and Jed Day, Upper Cedar Valley Stratigraphy North Central Iowa Lithograph City Formation, Guidebook 44, Geological Society of Iowa, Apr. 27, 1986.
- ^ A. B. Hoen, Discussion of the Requisite Qualities of Lithographic Limestone, with Report on Tests of the Lithographic Stone of Mitchell County, Iowa, Iowa Geological Survey Annual Report, 1902, Des Moines, 1903; pages 339-352.
- ^ Wayne I/ Anderson, Iowa's Geological Past, University of Iowa Press, 1998; page 160.
- ^ Bill J. Bunker, Lithograph City Archived 2009-03-02 at the Wayback Machine web page of the Iowa Geological Survey Archived 2009-12-11 at the Wayback Machine.