Ma'agan Michael Ship
The Ma'agan Michael Ship (Hebrew: הספינה העתיקה ממעגן מיכאל) is a well-preserved 5th-century BCE boat discovered off the coast of Kibbutz Ma'agan Michael, Israel, in 1985. The ship was excavated and its timber immersed in preservation tanks at the University of Haifa, undergoing a seven-year process of impregnation by heated polyethylene glycol (PEG). In March 1999, the boat was reassembled and transferred to a dedicated wing built at the Hecht Museum, on the grounds of the university. The boat has provided researchers with insights into ancient methods of shipbuilding and the evolution of anchors.
Discovery and excavation
In the autumn of 1985, Ami Eshel, a member of Ma'agan Michael, discovered the wreck while diving off the coast of the kibbutz, 35 km south of
As the boat lay in shallow waters, 2 meters (6 ft 7 in) deep, excavators had to deal with difficult working conditions caused by the surge. Sand continuously drifted into the excavation trench and water clarity was poor. A horseshoe trench dredged around the site did little to ameliorate these problems, and conditions were seldom safe enough for both the crew and the unearthed wood. In the three seasons of work, totalling 160 days, only 32 days were actually spent excavating the ship and its contents. The small size of the site meant that no more than three pairs of divers could work on the ship at any one time.[1]
The excavators first removed the ship's ballast, pulling the stones to shore on a sled tied to a van. The ballast was revealed to be composed of the three lithological groups:
Most of the boat was buried deep enough in the sand to be isolated from the aerobic conditions that would have degraded the wood and the seawater and its corrosive effect on metals. It was subsequently superbly preserved.
Artifacts recovered from the wreck include an olivewood box in the shape of a heart or leaf and with a swivel top and a pair of violin-shaped boxes. All were probably used for cosmetics or jewelry. Also found were a collection of woodworking tools, a large number of treenails and tenons, plus a whetstone. Seventy pottery vessels, many of them complete, were found in the wreck. These include jugs, plates, lamps, a cooking pot, a water jar, several storage jars, decorated amphorae, miniature juglets and black glazed ware. Most are attributed to Cyprus, but some may have originated in Greece or the Israeli coast.[3][4] Also located among the wreck were remnants of food, including grape, fig, olive and barley. These appear to originate in the eastern Mediterranean, most likely southwest Turkey and adjacent islands, and indicate that the boat sank during the summer.[1][3] Other organic material includes a woven basket and a large amount of rope.[2] The copper nails used in construction of the ship were revealed to be made of copper mined in northwest Cyprus.[3]
Dating from a time of peak Phoenician maritime activity, the boat was initially thought to be Phoenician.[1] In view of its construction and contents it was later deemed most likely to be Cypriot, perhaps related to a Cypriot centre at nearby Dor.[4][5]
Anchor
The ship's one-armed anchor, made from oak and with a lead-filled stock, was discovered off the ship's starboard bow, with the remains of rope still attached.[1] The anchor's body, from head through shank to arm, was carved from a single timber, as was the stock. The wood used in its construction was identical to the one used on the ship's tenons, suggesting it was made by the same carpenters or shipwrights as the boat itself. A tooth made of copper had almost entirely corroded away.[6]
Significance
The discovery of the ship provided researchers with insights into the development of ancient shipbuilding. The ship displays many similarities to other ancient ships such as the Kyrenia ship, but also important differences in size, construction methods and material, and ballast.[1] Beside offering clues to the evolution of anchors, the Ma'agan Michael anchor is also the first complete one-armed ancient wooden anchor ever discovered. Although absent from iconographic and literary source, maritime archaeologist Gerhard Käpitan had already suggested their existence in the 1970s. The discovery not only confirmed this variety existed but that it was neither crude nor restricted to small craft.[6]
Preservation and display
All finds and ship components retrieved from the sea were immediately placed in fresh-water tanks. From there the timber was transferred to permanent preservation tanks in the University of Haifa, where the timber went through a seven-year process of impregnation by heated polyethylene glycol (PEG) to enhance dimensional stability by replacing the water in the cells.[1][3] Completed in 1996, the wood was then left to season until March 1999, when it was transferred to a dedicated wing built at the Hecht Museum, on the university grounds. The reassembled boat is currently on display along with selected finds including the anchor, ropes, woodworking tools, ornamental wooden boxes and pottery from the wreck.[7][8]
Replica
On March 17, 2017, a replica of the boat was launched, by the University of Haifa and the Israel Antiquities Authority,[9] at Haifa Bay.
See also
- The Sea of Galilee Boat
- Kyrenia ship
- Archaeology of Israel
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Linder, 1992.
- ^ a b "The Ma'agan Mikha'el Shipwreck". Israel Antiquities Authority. Retrieved July 30, 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Shalev et al, 1999.
- ^ a b Lyon, 1993.
- ^ Monroe, Christopher (2005). "The Ma'agan Michael Ship: The Recovery of a 2400-Year-Old Merchantman. Final Report, vol. I - Review". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 125 (3): 443–445.
- ^ a b Rosloff, 1991.
- ^ "The Ma'agan Mikha'el Ancient Ship Museum". Israel Antiquities Authority. Retrieved July 30, 2010.
- ^ "Ma'agan Mikhael Ship Wing". University of Haifa. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved July 30, 2010.
- ^ "Replica of Ma'agan Michael ship sails again". Israel21c. Retrieved 2017-03-20.
Bibliography
- Linder, Elisha (1992). "Excavating an Ancient Merchantman". Biblical Archaeology Review. 18 (6). Biblical Archaeology Society: 24–35.
- Lyon, Jerry Dean (May 1993), The Pottery from a Fifth Century B.C. Shipwreck at Ma'agan Michael, Israel (M.A. Thesis)
- Rosloff, Jay P. (1991). "A one-armed anchor of c. 400 BCE from the Ma'agan Michael vessel, Israel. A preliminary report". The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology. 20 (3): 223–226. .
- Shalev S.; Kahanov Y.; Doherty C. (1999). "Nails from a 2,400 year old shipwreck: A study of copper in a marine archaeological environment". JOM: Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society. 51 (2). Springer Boston: 14–17. S2CID 137132146.
External links
- The Ma'agan Michael Ship on the University of Haifa website
- The Ma'agan Michael Ship on the Hecht Museum website