Tel Dor

Coordinates: 32°37′03″N 34°55′03″E / 32.61750°N 34.91750°E / 32.61750; 34.91750
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the ancient cities and archaeological site. For other uses, see Dor (disambiguation).
Tel Dor
Tel Dor from above
Tel Dor is located in Haifa region of Israel
Tel Dor
Shown within Haifa region of Israel
Tel Dor is located in Israel
Tel Dor
Tel Dor (Israel)
Alternative nameTell el-Burj, Khirbet el-Burj (Arabic)
LocationHaifa District, Israel
RegionLevant
Coordinates32°37′03″N 34°55′03″E / 32.61750°N 34.91750°E / 32.61750; 34.91750
TypeSettlement
History
Abandoned630s
Site notes
ConditionIn ruins
Tulipa agenensis sharonensis, Dor-Habonim beach

Tel Dor (Hebrew: דוֹר or דאר‎, meaning "generation", "habitation") or Tell el-Burj, also Khirbet el-Burj in Arabic (lit. Tell, or Ruin, of the Tower), is an archaeological site located on the Israeli coastal plain of the Mediterranean Sea next to modern moshav Dor, about 30 kilometers (19 mi) south of Haifa, and 2.5 kilometers (1.6 mi) west of Hadera. Lying on a small headland at the north side of a protected inlet, it is identified with D-jr of Egyptian sources, Biblical Dor, and with Dor/Dora of Greek and Roman sources.[1]

The documented history of the site begins in the

Palestinian Arab village of Tantura lie a few hundred meters south of the archaeological site. A kibbutz and the resort of Nahsholim
were built on the site of the village.

Etymology

D46Z4D21Z1T14N25O49
djr[2]
in hieroglyphs
Late Period

(664–332 BC)

Dor (

Persians, Greeks, and Romans
.

The city was known as Dor even before the Greeks arrived or had contact with the peoples in Israel. When the Greeks came to the city and learned its name to be Dor, they called it Dora, possibly after a Dorus said to be a son of Poseidon.[4][5]

Location and identification

Dora of the classical period has been placed in the ninth mile from Caesarea, on the way to Ptolemais (Acre). Just at the point indicated was the small village of Tantura, probably an Arabic corruption of Dora.[6]

Hebrew Bible

1759 map of the Holy Land and 12 tribes, showing Dor as part of Manasseh

Many scholars doubt the historical accuracy of biblical texts relevant to times prior to the 9th century BCE. They suggest that the biblical context for such places as early Dor is more mythology than history.[7]

In the Hebrew Bible, Dor is depicted as an ancient royal city of the

Canaanites, (Joshua 12:23) whose ruler was an ally of Jabin king of Hazor against Joshua, (Joshua 11:1,2). It appears to have been within the territory of the tribe of Manasseh, though they never managed to conquer it (Joshua 17:11; Judges 1:27). It was one of Solomon's commissariat districts (Judges 1:27; 1 Kings 4:11).[6][clarification needed
]

History and archaeology

Antiquities at Tel Dor

According to IAA archaeologists, the importance of Dor is that it is the only natural harbour on the Levant coast south of the Ladder of Tyre, and thus was occupied continuously from Phoenician times until the late 18th century.[8] According to Josephus, however, its harbour was inferior to that of Caesarea.[9]

Dor is mentioned in the 3rd-century Mosaic of Rehob as being a place exempt from tithes, seeing that it was not settled by Jews returning from the Babylonian exile in the 4th century BCE. Schürer suggests that Dor, along with Caesarea, may have initially been built towards the end of the Persian period.[10]

Early Iron Age

After the

Tjekker. In the Egyptian literary text known as the Story of Wenamun
, the main character visits Dor and is received by Tjekker prince named Beder. This layer of the settlement is known archaeologically as Dor XII, and dates from c. 1150–1050 BC.

Persian period

In ca. 460 BCE, the

Nile delta and support the Egyptians, the Athenian fleet had to sail south. Athens had secured landing sites for their triremes as far south as Cyprus, but they needed a way station between Cyprus and Egypt. They needed a naval base on the coast of Lebanon or Palestine, but the Phoenician cities of Sidon and Tyre held much of the mainland coast and those cities were loyal to Persia. Fifty miles south of those cities, however, the Athenians found an isolated and tempting target for establishing a way station.[13]

The Athenians seized Dor from Sidon. Dor had many strategic advantages for the Athenians, starting with its distance from Sidon. The Athenians had a maritime empire built on oared ships. They did not need large tracts of land and instead needed strategically situated coastal sites that had fresh water, provisions and protection from bad weather and enemy attack. Dor had an unfailing freshwater spring near the edge of the sea and to its south a lagoon and sandy beach enclosed by a chain of islets. This was precisely what the Athenian fleet needed for landing their ships and resting their crews. Dor itself was strategically situated. It stood atop a rocky promontory and was protected on its landward side by a marshy swale that formed a natural moat. Beyond the coastal lowlands was Mount Carmel. The town had Persian-built fortifications. In addition to this, the town had straight streets and Phoenician dye pits for the purpling of cloth. For these reasons, Dor became the most remote outpost of the Athenian navy.

Hellenistic period

In 138 BC, Dora was the scene of battle between Seleucid emperor Antiochus VII Sidetes and the usurper Diodotus Tryphon, leading to the latter's flight and ultimately his death.[3]

State of Israel

A

Dor
" after the ancient city.

The victims of the 1948 Tantura massacre are buried in a mass grave under a car park for the nearby Tel Dor beach.[14][15]

Excavation history

Excavations at Tel Dor
Beach at Tel Dor

Tel Dor ("the Ruin of Dor") was first investigated in the 1920s by

Hebrew University, directed twenty seasons of excavations at the site between 1980 and 2000, in cooperation with the Israel Exploration Society.[16] The eleven excavation areas opened have revealed a wealth of information about the Iron Age, Persian, Hellenistic and Early Roman
periods.

Archaeological findings

Purple dye production

As of 2001, excavations at the site have yielded an apparatus for the production of a purple dye solution, dating to the Persian and Hellenistic periods, wherein there was still a thick layer of

quicklime (calcium oxide) which served, according to scholars, in helping to separate the dye from the mollusks after they had been broken and removed from their shells.[17] These mollusks were primarily imported into the region from other places along the Mediterranean coast, and consisted of species Phorcus turbinatus, Patella caerulea, Stramonita haemastoma, Hexaplex trunculus, among other species.[18]

Neolithic tsunami

In 2020, archaeologists discovered evidence of a tsunami that destroyed middle

Biblical flood, it is believed to contribute to the flood myths found in numerous cultures.[20]

Museum

Former glass factory at Nahsholim, now a museum

The historic 'Glasshouse' museum building, located in kibbutz Nahsholim, some 500 meters south of the site itself, now houses the Center for Nautical and Regional Archaeology at Dor (CONRAD), consisting of the expedition workrooms and a museum displaying the finds from Tel Dor and its region such as documenting the city's importance in the ancient world as a manufacturer of the prestigious azure and crimson colours from sea snails.[21] The house is an old glass-making factory from the 19th century built by Baron Edmond James de Rothschild.[22]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dor.
  • Cities of the ancient Near East

References

  1. ^ Gibson, S., Kingsley, S. and J. Clarke. 1999. "Town and Country in the Southern Carmel: Report on the Landscape Archaeology Project at Dor," Levant 31:71-121.
  2. ^
    ISBN 3525530676
    .
  3. ^ a b Josephus, The Jewish War (1:52).
  4. doi:10.1111/j.1095-9270.1984.tb01194.x
    . Retrieved 22 August 2022.
  5. ISBN 9783110368130
    . Retrieved 22 August 2022.
  6. ^ a b Stern, E. 1994. Dor — Ruler of the Seas. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.
  7. ^ Finkelstein, Israel and Neil Asher Silberman. 2002. The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts. New York: Touchstone.
  8. JSTOR 25182937
    .
  9. ISBN 0-8254-2951-X., s.v. Antiquities 15.9.6.
    (15.331)
  10. ^ Schürer, E. (1891). Geschichte des jüdischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi [A History of the Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ]. Vol. 1. Translated by Miss Taylor. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 84 (note 121).
  11. ^ Thucydides. History of the Peloponnesian War. Richard Crawley (trans.). 1.104. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
  12. ISBN 978-0-674-99413-3
    . Retrieved 10 September 2010.
  13. ISBN 978-0-670-02080-5
    .
  14. ^ Raz, Adam (2022-01-20). "There's a mass Palestinian grave at a popular Israeli beach, veterans confess". Haaretz. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
  15. ISSN 0261-3077
    . Retrieved 2024-04-14.
  16. ^ STERN, EPHRAIM. “EXCAVATIONS AT DOR, FINAL REPORT: VOLUME I A—AREAS A AND C: INTRODUCTION AND STRATIGRAPHY.” Qedem Reports, vol. 1, 1995, pp. 1–369
  17. OCLC 48108956
    .
  18. JSTOR 26493565
    .
  19. ^ Shtienberg, Gilad; Yasur-Landau, Assaf; Norris, Richard D.; Lazar, Michael; Rittenour, Tammy M.; Tamberino, Anthony; Gadol, Omir; Cantu, Katrina; Arkin-Shalev, Ehud; Ward, Steven N.; Levy, Thomas E. (2020). "A Neolithic mega-tsunami event in the eastern Mediterranean: Prehistoric settlement vulnerability along the Carmel coast, Israel". PLOS One. 15 (12) – via PLOS One.
  20. ^ Kiderra, Inga (December 23, 2020). "Massive Tsunami Hit the Neolithic Middle East 9,000+ Years Ago". UC San Diego Today. Archived from the original on December 15, 2023.
  21. ^ HaMizgaga Museum Archived 2008-06-29 at the Wayback Machine
  22. ^ History of the Bashan family Archived 2008-11-22 at the Wayback Machine

Bibliography

External links

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