Malassezia sympodialis

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Malassezia sympodialis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Malasseziomycetes
Order: Malasseziales
Family: Malasseziaceae
Genus: Malassezia
Species:
M. sympodialis
Binomial name
Malassezia sympodialis
Simmons & Gueho (1990)[1]

Malassezia sympodialis is a species in the genus

commensal relationship with its host, but it can act as a pathogen causing a number of different skin diseases,[8] such as atopic dermatitis.[8][9]

History

In 1846, Karl Ferdinand Eichstedt was the first to identify the association of fungi with pityriasis versicolor, a common infection associated with the genus Malassezia.[8] The name applied to the fungal agent responsible shifted multiple times over the next 150 years until the genus Pityrosporum was settled upon for the teleomorph, and Malassezia for the anamorph.[8][9] Through the use of genetic sequencing, a number of new species have since been identified.[2][8][10]

Description

Malassezia sympodialis exhibits unipolar

β-glucosidase activity which causes darkening of the growth medium.[3]

Pathogenicity in humans and animals

The

pattern recognition receptors and are essential in the innate immune response.[13] Malassezia sympodialis causes atopic eczema in susceptible individuals.[2] Many of the skin diseases caused by this species occur when the barrier of the skin is breached, allowing the organism to access the damaged integument,[5] such as occurs in individuals infected with atopic eczema.[14] The M. sympodialis peptide LL-37 is found in monocyte-derived dendritic cells where it is involved in initiating a Th-2 like response.[13] The Th-2 like response is involved in the creation of IgE and is therefore important for individuals with atopic eczema.[13] There are several factors that contribute to the development of atopic eczema, including the environment and genetics.[14]

Human diseases

Malassezia sympodialis has been identified conjunction with a number of human skin disorders include pityriasis versicolor,

seborrheic dermatitis and dandruff and atopic dermatitis.[5] There have also been reports of M. sympodialis in patients with granulomatous dermatitis.[15]

Pityriasis versicolor

Pityriasis versicolor is a skin disorder that leads to the formation of patches on the skin that are either hypo- or hyperpigemented.[5] It may be found on oilier areas of the body including the neck and trunk.[5] Besides M. sympodialis, several species of Malassezia have been identified on individuals with the disorder including, M. globosa, M. slooffiae and several others.[5] Some believe that M. globosa is responsible for the disease as it has been found in higher numbers, but this has not yet been confirmed.[5] Confirmation of the agent of disease involves microscopic examination of skin scrapings from the infected individuals for the presence of thick-walled yeast cells intermixed with broad hyphae.[5] Ointments containing fungicidal ingredients such as selenium can be applied to the affected area.[5] Oral medications are also used in some cases.[5]

Seborrhoeic dermatitis and dandruff

Seborrheic dermatitis is a skin disorder where inflammation and desquamation occurs in areas of the body with a high density of

sebaceous glands, particularly the face and trunk.[5] The dandruff form does not result in inflammation and is restricted to the scalp.[5] Although M. sympodialis has been reported as an agent of seborrhoeic dermatitis and dandruff, other species including M. furfur and M. globosa are more commonly associated with the disorder.[5]

Atopic dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis occurs in individuals that have an abnormal immune reaction to allergens resulting in inflammation on the affected area of the skin.[5] This disorder is associated with M. furfur, M. restricta, M. sympodialis and a number of other species.[5]

Animal diseases

Malassezia sympodialis has been identified in high frequency on dogs that have some form of dermatitis and is found in association with other species of Malassezia.[16] This species has also been associated with otitis in cattle, cats and other animals.[5]

References

  1. doi:10.1016/S0953-7562(09)81349-X
    .
  2. ^
    PMID 22232373
    .
  3. ^
    ISBN 978-0824706838
    .
  4. ^
    ISBN 9070351439
    .
  5. ^
    PMID 15725101
    .
  6. PMID 21799736
    .
  7. PMID 24586146
    .
  8. ^
    PMID 23806162
    .
  9. ^
    S2CID 9026834
    .
  10. ^
    ISBN 0444813128
    .
  11. ^
    S2CID 31791799
    .
  12. PMID 17881545
    .
  13. ^
    S2CID 22721270
    .
  14. ^
    PMID 16354952
    .
  15. ProQuest 887762913
    .
  16. S2CID 42110344
    .
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