Manding languages
| Manding | |
|---|---|
| Manden | |
| Geographic distribution |
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| Subdivisions |
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| ISO 639-3 | man |
| Glottolog | mand1435 |
 Map of the Manding language continuum | |
The Manding languages (sometimes spelt Manden) family of languages.
Subdivisions
The Manding languages, the differences from one another and relationships among them are matters that continue to be researched. In addition, the nomenclature is a mixture of indigenous terms and words applied by English and French speakers since before the colonisation of Africa, which makes the picture complex and even confusing.
The
vowels (5 oral and 5 long/nasal
), the eastern group, typified by Bambara, has 14 vowels (7 oral and 7 nasal):
- Manding
- West
- Kassonke – Western Maninka (Mali, Senegal)
- Mandinka (Senegal, Gambia, Guinea Bissau)
- Kita Maninka (Mali)
- Jahanka (Guinea, Senegal, Gambia, Mali; one of several dialects under this name)
- East
- Marka (Dafin) (Burkina Faso, Mali)
- Bambara–Dyula (Northeastern Manding; Mali, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast)
- Eastern Maninka (Southeastern Manding; multiple varieties in Mali, Guinea, Ivory Coast)
- Bolon (Burkina Faso)
- West
In addition, Sininkere (Burkina Faso) is of an unclear placement within Manding.
Writing
The Manding languages have a strong oral tradition, but also have written forms: adaptations of the Arabic alphabet and the Latin alphabet[4] and at least two indigenous scripts.
- The Arabic alphabet was introduced into the region with the arrival of Islam and was adapted to write in the Manding languages as the Ajami, which is still commonly used for Mandinka.
- The Latin alphabet was introduced into the region following European conquest and colonization. It is used fairly widely, with "official" versions in many countries, for teaching, literacy and publication.
- The NKo alphabet, developed in 1949 by Solomana Kante, is designed to write Manding using a common literary standard comprehensible to speakers of all these varieties. It is gaining popularity.[5]
- A lesser-known alphabet for Bambara was developed in the early 20th century but is not used.[6]
See also
- Proto-Mandekan reconstructions (Wiktionary)
- Mande languages
- NKo language
References
- ^ a b Manding at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024)
- ISBN 9780521563536.
- ISBN 0253212812.
manden manding.
- ^ Donaldson, Coleman (2017) "Orthography, Standardization and Register: The Case of Manding." In Standardizing Minority Languages: Competing Ideologies of Authority and Authenticity in the Global Periphery, edited by Pia Lane, James Costa, and Haley De Korne, 175–199. Routledge Critical Studies in Multilingualism. New York, NY: Routledge.
- ^ Donaldson, Coleman (2017) Clear Language: Script, Register and the N’ko Movement of Manding-Speaking West Africa. Doctoral Dissertation, Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania.
- ^ N'Ko Language Tutorial: Introduction
External links
- PanAfrican L10n page on Manding
- Resources to learn Bambara, Dioula and Malinké — An ka taa Project
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| Other | |
