Islam in Africa

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Muslim girl writing her exam in Africa

Islam in Africa is the continent's second most widely professed faith behind

African cultural contexts and belief systems forming Africa's own orthodoxies.[3]

In 2014, it was estimated that Muslims constituted nearly half of the population of Africa (over 40%) with a total population of around 437 million and accounting for over a quarter (about 27%) of the global Muslim population.

Swahili Coast, and West Africa, with minority immigrant populations in South Africa
.

History

Main articles:
Swahili Coast
Masjid as-Sahabah, Massawa, Eritrea

The presence of Islam in Africa can be traced to the 7th century CE, when in Rajab 8 BH, or May 614 CE,

Africa's oldest mosque, that is the Mosque of the Companions in the Eritrean city of Massawa.[5] This qibla of this mosque in Massawa points towards Jerusalem as well, though now defunct, occasional prayers are still held in this mosque with qibla correction towards Mecca.[6]

Northwest Africa,[7] located in the city of Kairouan, Tunisia

In 20 H / 641 CE, during the reign of Caliph

Zanzibar Sultanate
. Then the British brought their labor force from India, including some Muslim-Indian nationals, to their colonies in Africa towards the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth century.

The Mosque of Islamic Solidarity in Mogadishu, Somalia is the largest mosque in the Horn of Africa

Benadir region to the south. Adal's history from this founding period forth would be characterized by a succession of battles with neighboring Abyssinia.[12][13]

In the following centuries, the consolidation of Muslim trading networks, connected by lineage, trade, and Sufi brotherhoods, had reached a peak in

Umar II, the then governor of Africa, Ismail ibn Abdullah, was said to have won the Berbers to Islam by his just administration. Other early notable missionaries include Abdallah ibn Yasin, who started a movement which caused thousands of Berbers to accept Islam.[14] In the 13th century, Al-Hajj Salim Suwari formulated an important theological rationale for peaceful coexistence with the non-Muslim ruling classes called the Suwarian tradition.[15] Many Islamic schools were purely oral, and most children leaving Koranic schools were able to recite the whole of the Quran in Arabic despite not being fluent themselves.[16]
: 196–197 

El-Tabia Mosque in Aswan, Egypt

The History of Islam in Africa and accounts of how the religion spread, especially in North and the Horn of Africa, has always been contentious. Head of Awqaf Africa London,

Caliph' as fostering peaceful and prosperous migration of the intercultural Muslims from the Nile Valley to Niger as well as of the Arab traders from the desert to Benue. Some argue that adoption of Islam was motivated by the desire to enhance trade, as Islam provided a moral code of conduct to regulate commercial activities, especially with respect to credit and security.[18]

Minaret of the Malindi Mosque in Stone Town, Zanzibar

Similarly, in the

mosques were so crowded on Fridays, that unless one went very early, it was impossible to find a place to sit.[14]

In the 16th century, the

Ouaddai Empire and the Kingdom of Kano embraced Islam, and later toward the 18th century, the Nigeria based Sokoto Caliphate led by Usman dan Fodio exerted considerable effort in spreading Islam in the Fulani Jihad.[14]

Today, Islam is the predominant religion of the northern half of Africa, mainly concentrated in North Africa, the Horn of Africa and the Sahel, as well as West Africa.[citation needed]

Characteristics

Sankore Madrasa, Timbuktu, Mali. One of the earliest universities in the world. The three mosques of Sankoré, Djinguereber Mosque and Sidi Yahya compose the famous University of Timbuktu. Madrasah means 'school' or 'university' in Arabic
, and in other languages associated with Muslim people.

Islam has been in Africa for so long, since its emergence on the Arabian peninsula, that some scholars have argued that it is a traditional African religion.[21]

Although the majority of Muslims in Africa are

Sufi, the complexity of Islam in Africa is revealed in the various schools of thought, traditions, and voices that constantly contend for dominance in many African countries. Islam in Africa is not static and is constantly being reshaped by prevalent social, economic and political conditions.[20]

Islam in Africa is often adapted to local cultural contexts and belief systems, thereby forming the continent's own orthodoxies. Different societies in Africa have generally appropriated Islam in both more inclusive ways, or in the more radical ways, as with the Almoravid movement in the Maghreb and Sahara.[3]

Additionally, Islam in Africa has both local and global dimensions. On the local level, experts assert that Muslims (including African Muslims) operate with considerable autonomy and do not have an international organization that regulates their religious practices. This fact accounts for the differences and varieties in Islamic practices throughout the African continent. On the global level, Muslims in Africa are also part of the Ummah (Islamic community worldwide), and follow global issues and current events that affect the Muslim world with keen interest. With globalization and new initiatives in information technology, Muslims in Africa have developed and maintained close connections with the wider Muslim world.[20]

Analysts argue that Muslims in Africa, like other Muslims in Asia, the Middle East and the rest of the world, seem to be locked into an intense struggle regarding the future direction of Islam. At core of the struggle are questions about the way in which Muslims should practice their faith. The scholars assert that the majority seems to prefer to remain on the moderate, tolerant course that Islam has historically followed. However, a relatively small, but growing group would like to establish a stricter form of the religion, one that informs and controls all aspects of society.[20]

Shari'ah

The 13th-century Larabanga Mosque of Ghana, one of the oldest surviving mosques in West Africa

The Sharīʿah of Islam broadly influences the legal code in most Islamic countries, but the extent of which its impact varies widely. In Africa, most states limit the use of Sharia to "personal-status law" for issues such as marriage, divorce, inheritance and child custody. With the exception of northern Nigeria in West Africa, secularism does not seem to face any serious threat in Africa, even though the new Islamic revival is having a great impact upon segments of Muslim populations. Cohabitation or coexistence between Muslims and non-Muslims remains, for the most part, peaceful.[20]

Nigeria is home to Africa's largest Muslim population. In 1999, Nigeria's northern states adopted the Sharia penal code, but punishments have been rare. In fact, dozens of women convicted of adultery and sentenced to stoning to death have later been freed. Egypt, one of the largest Muslim states in Africa, claims Sharia as the main source of its legislation, yet its penal and civil codes are based largely on

French law
.

Sects

The Abuja National Mosque in Abuja, Nigeria

Muslims in Africa mostly adhere to

Hanafi fiqh
is also followed in Northern and Western Egypt.

Quranists

Main article: Quranism

Quranism is an umbrella term denoting a strand within Islam that endorses a Quran-oriented form of Islam and often eschews hadiths. There are many forms of Quranism and they may not all agree on practical tenets.[23]

Nondenominational Muslims

According to a survey by Pew, there are thirteen countries in Africa wherein at least twenty percent of the Muslim population adheres to a non-denominational form of Islam, i.e. are

Guinea Bissau (36%), Uganda (33%), Morocco (30%), Senegal (27%), Chad (23%), Ethiopia (23%), Liberia (22%), Niger (20%), and Tanzania (20%).[2]

Sufism

Nile Valley

Sufism, which focuses on the mystical elements of Islam, has many orders as well as followers in West Africa and Sudan, and, like other orders, strives to know God through meditation and emotion. Sufis may be

nondenominational Muslim, Sunni or Shi’ite, and their ceremonies may involve chanting, music, dancing, and meditation.[20]

Many Sufis in Africa are

Salafis criticize the folklorists Sufis, who they claim have incorporated "un-Islamic" beliefs into their practices, such as celebrating the several events, visiting the shrines of "Islamic saints", dancing during prayer (the whirling dervishes).[24]
West Africa and Sudan have various Sufi orders regarded skeptically by the more doctrinally strict branches of Islam in the Middle East. Most orders in West Africa emphasize the role of a spiritual guide, marabout or possessing supernatural power, regarded as an Africanization of Islam. In Senegal and Gambia, Mouridism Sufis claim to have several million adherents and have drawn criticism for their veneration of Mouridism's founder Amadou Bamba. The Tijani is the most popular Sufi order in West Africa, with a large following in Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Gambia.[20]

Salafism

Recently,

reformism and regard Sufism as "heterodox" and contrary to their interpretation of traditional Islam.[20] Such NGOs have built Salafi-dominated mosques and Islamic centers in Africa, and many are staffed by puritanical African Muslims, often trained in the Middle East. Academic scholarships to study in Islamic universities in the Middle East are also offered to further Salafism.[20]

On the other hand,

Islamic scholars across the Muslim World.[25]

Notable kingdoms and sultanates

Muslim population in Africa by country

Nondenominational Muslim
branches in Africa

According to the Pew Research Center, three of the ten countries with the largest Muslim populations in 2015 were in Africa: Nigeria (where there were an estimated 90.02 million Muslims, accounting for 50% of the total population), Egypt (83.87 million; 95.1%) and Algeria (37.21 million; 97.9%).[26]

Estimated Muslim population by country, 2010[27]
Country Muslim population Total population Percentage Muslim
Algeria People's Democratic Republic of Algeria 35,470,000 35,470,000 100/100
Angola Angola 40,000 19,080,000 <1.0
Benin
 2,110,000 8,850,000 23.8
Botswana
 <10,000 2,010,000 <1.0
Burkina Faso Burkina Faso 10,150,000 16,470,000 61.6
Burundi Burundi 230,000 8,380,000 2.8
CameroonCameroon 9,475,628 30,966,105 30.6
Cape Verde Cape Verde <10,000 500,000 <1.0
Central African Republic
 370,000 4,400,000 8.5
Chad Chad 6,210,000 11,230,000 55.3
Comoros
 730,000 730,000 100/100
Republic of the Congo Congo 50,000 4,040,000 1.2
Democratic Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo 970,000 65,970,000 1.5
Djibouti Djibouti 890,000 890,000 100/100
Egypt Egypt 76,990,000 81,120,000 94.9
Equatorial Guinea Equatorial Guinea 30,000 700,000 4.0
Eritrea
 1,920,000 5,250,000 36.6
Ethiopia Ethiopia 28,680,000 82,950,000 34.6
Gabon Gabon 170,000 1,510,000 11.2
Gambia
 1,640,000 1,730,000 95.1
Ghana Ghana 3,860,000 24,390,000 15.8
Guinea Guinea 8,430,000 9,980,000 84.4
Guinea-Bissau Guinea-Bissau 680,000 1,520,000 45.1
Ivory Coast Ivory Coast 7,390,000 19,740,000 42.5
Kenya Kenya 3,920,000 40,510,000 9.7
Morocco Morocco 32,460,000 32,460,000 100/100
Lesotho Lesotho <10,000 2,170,000 <1.0
Liberia Liberia 480,000 3,990,000 12.0
Libya Libya 6,140,000 6,360,000 96.6
MadagascarMadagascar 620,000 20,710,000 3.0
Malawi Malawi 1,930,000 14,900,000 13.0
Mali Mali 14,510,000 15,370,000 98.5
Mauritania Mauritania 3,430,000 3,460,000 99.0
Mauritius Mauritius 220,000 1,300,000 17.3
Mayotte Mayotte 200,000 200,000 100/100
MozambiqueMozambique 4,200,000 23,390,000 18.0
Namibia Namibia <10,000 2,280,000 <1.0
Niger Niger 15,270,000 15,510,000 98.4
Nigeria Nigeria 80,300,000 158,420,000 50.8
Réunion Reunion 40,000 850,000 4.2
Rwanda Rwanda 190,000 10,620,000 1.8
St. Helena
 <10,000 <10,000 <1.0
São Tomé and Príncipe São Tomé and Príncipe <10,000 170,000 <1.0
Senegal Senegal 11,980,000 12,430,000 96.4
Seychelles Seychelles <10,000 90,000 1.1
Sierra Leone Sierra Leone 4,580,000 5,870,000 78.0
Somalia Somalia 9,330,000 9,330,000 100/100
South Africa South Africa 860,000 50,130,000 1.7
South Sudan South Sudan 2,316,000 11,580,000 20
Sudan Sudan 45,480,000 46,880,000 97
Swaziland
 <10,000 1,190,000 <1.0
Tanzania Tanzania 15,770,000 44,840,000 35.2
Togo Togo 840,000 6,030,000 14.0
Tunisia Tunisia 10,480,000 10,480,000 100/100
Uganda Uganda 3,840,000 33,420,000 11.5
Zambia Zambia 70,000 13,090,000 <1.0
Zimbabwe Zimbabwe 110,000 12,570,000 <1.0

See also

References

  1. ^ Muslim Societies in African History (New Approaches to African History), David Robinson, Chapter 1.
  2. ^ a b c "Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation". The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. August 9, 2012. Archived from the original on 21 May 2020. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
  3. ^
    ISBN 978-0-521-53366-9. Archived
    from the original on 2017-02-25. Retrieved 2021-02-26.
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  5. ISBN 978-0470658987. Archived
    from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  6. ^ "as-Sahaba Mosque (Mosque of the Companions)". Madain Project. Archived from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 11 June 2019.
  7. ISBN 9780826494238. Archived
    from the original on March 6, 2022. Retrieved February 26, 2021 – via Google Books.
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  9. ^ Nehemia Levtzion and Randall L. Pouwels (eds). The History of Islam in Africa Archived 2022-03-06 at the Wayback Machine. page 1. Ohio University Press, 2000
  10. ISBN 978-1841623719. Archived
    from the original on 2014-10-12. Retrieved 2018-06-03.
  11. ^ a b Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 25. Americana Corporation. 1965. p. 255. Archived from the original on 2017-01-06. Retrieved 2018-06-03.
  12. ^ a b Lewis, I.M. (1955). Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho. International African Institute. p. 140. Archived from the original on 2016-08-06. Retrieved 2018-06-03.
  13. ^ "A Country Study: Somalia from The Library of Congress". Archived from the original on 9 January 2009. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
  14. ^ a b c d The preaching of Islam: a history of the propagation of the Muslim faith By Sir Thomas Walker Arnold, pg.261-
  15. ISBN 9781317463993
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  16. ^ Ba, Amadou (1981). "The living tradition". General History of Africa: Volume 1. UNESCO Publishing.
  17. ^ Abduhu Badawi: Ma'a Harak ul-Islam fi Ifriqiyah (Siding Islamic Movement in Africa) 1979 Cairo page 175
  18. ^ Mark Cartwright. "The Spread of Islam in Ancient Africa". World History Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 2021-04-24. Retrieved 2021-04-23.
  19. ^ "African Religion Diaspora and Continent". Dr. Kofi Asare Opoku. Archived from the original on 2019-06-01. Retrieved 2022-03-06.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h i Hussein D. Hassan."Islam in Africa" Archived 2008-08-21 at the Stanford Web Archive (RS22873). Congressional Research Service (May 9, 2008). Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  21. ^ African traditional religion in the modern world - Douglas E. Thomas page 125
  22. ^ Shea, Nina. The Contest of Ideas with Radical Islam: The Centrality of the Idea of Religious Freedom and Tolerance. HUDSON INST WASHINGTON DC, 2006.
  23. ^ Jafarli, D. "The rise of the quranist movement in Egypt (19th to 20th ctnturies): a historical approach." Гілея: науковий вісник 126 (2017): 181-185.
  24. ^ John Pike (2012-08-17). "Sufi Islam". Globalsecurity.org. Archived from the original on 2018-06-12. Retrieved 2013-11-23.
  25. ISBN 978-90-04-21525-2
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  26. ^ Diamant, Jeff (1 April 2019). "The countries with the 10 largest Christian populations and the 10 largest Muslim populations". Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
  27. ^ "Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050". Pew Research Center. 2 April 2015. Archived from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 21 November 2020.

Further reading
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