Marian Anderson

This is a good article. Click here for more information.
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other people with similar names, see Marion Anderson (disambiguation).

Marian Anderson
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania U.S.
DiedApril 8, 1993(1993-04-08) (aged 96)
Portland, Oregon, U.S.
OccupationOperatic contralto

Marian Anderson (February 27, 1897 – April 8, 1993)[1] was an American contralto. She performed a wide range of music, from opera to spirituals. Anderson performed with renowned orchestras in major concert and recital venues throughout the United States and Europe between 1925 and 1965.

Anderson was an important figure in the struggle for African American artists to overcome racial prejudice in the United States during the mid-twentieth century. In 1939, during the period of

Easter Sunday, April 9, 1939, on the Lincoln Memorial steps in the capital. The event was featured in a documentary film
, Marian Anderson: The Lincoln Memorial Concert. She sang before an integrated crowd of more than 75,000 people and a radio audience in the millions.

On January 7, 1955, Anderson became the first African American singer to perform at the

March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in 1963. The recipient of numerous awards and honors, Anderson was awarded the first Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1963, the Congressional Gold Medal in 1977, the Kennedy Center Honors in 1978, the National Medal of Arts in 1986, and a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award
in 1991.

Early life and education

Marian Anderson was born in Philadelphia on February 27, 1897, to John Berkley Anderson and Annie Delilah Rucker.[3] Her father sold ice and coal at the Reading Terminal in downtown Philadelphia and eventually also sold liquor. Before her marriage, Anderson's mother was briefly a student at the Virginia Seminary and College in Lynchburg, and worked as a schoolteacher in Virginia. As she did not obtain a degree, Annie Anderson was unable to teach in Philadelphia under a law that was applied only to black teachers and not white ones.[4] She therefore earned an income caring for small children. Marian was the eldest of the three Anderson children. Her two sisters, Alyse (1899–1965) and Ethel (1902–90), also became singers. Ethel married James DePreist and their son James Anderson DePreist was a noted conductor.[5]

Anderson in 1920

Anderson's parents were both devout Christians and the whole family was active in the Union Baptist Church, which, during her youth, stood in a building constructed by the congregation in 1889 at 709 S. 12th Street in South Philadelphia.[6] Marian's aunt Mary, her father's sister, was particularly active in the church's musical life and convinced her niece to join the junior church choir at the age of six. In that role, she got to perform solos and duets, often with her aunt. Aunt Mary took Marian to concerts at local churches, the YMCA, benefit concerts, and other community music events throughout the city. Anderson credited her aunt's influence as the reason she pursued her singing career.[7] Beginning as young as six, her aunt arranged for Marian to sing for local functions where she was often paid 25 or 50 cents for singing a few songs. As she got into her early teens, Marian began to make as much as four or five dollars for singing, a considerable sum for the early 20th century. At the age of 10, Marian joined the People's Chorus of Philadelphia under the direction of singer Emma Azalia Hackley, where she was often a soloist.[7][8]

When Anderson was 12, her father received a head injury while working at the Reading Terminal before Christmas 1909. Soon afterwards, her father died following heart failure. He was 37 years old. Marian and her family moved into the home of her father's parents, Benjamin and Isabella Anderson. Her grandfather had been born a slave and was emancipated in the 1860s. He relocated to South Philadelphia, the first person in his family to do so. When Anderson moved into his home, the two became very close, but he died just a year after the family moved there.[5][8]

Anderson attended

Camp Fire Girls, which provided her with some, though limited, musical opportunities.[7] Eventually, the People's Chorus of Philadelphia and the pastor of her church, Reverend Wesley Parks, along with other leaders of the black community, raised the money she needed to get singing lessons with Mary Saunders Patterson and to attend South Philadelphia High School, from which she graduated in 1921.[5][9]

Undaunted, Anderson pursued studies privately in her native city through the continued support of the Philadelphia black community, first with Agnes Reifsnyder, then Giuseppe Boghetti. She met Boghetti through the principal of her high school. Anderson auditioned for him by singing "Deep River"; he was immediately brought to tears. Boghetti scheduled a recital of English, Russian, Italian and German music at The Town Hall in New York City in April 1924; it took place in an almost empty hall and received poor reviews.[10]

In 1923 she made two recordings, "Deep River" and "My Way's Cloudy" for the Victor company.[11]

Early career

In 1925, Anderson got her first big break at a singing competition sponsored by the New York Philharmonic. As the winner, she got to perform in concert with the orchestra on August 26, 1925,[12] a performance that scored immediate success with both the audience and music critics. Anderson continued her studies with Frank La Forge in New York. During this time, Arthur Judson became her manager. They met through the New York Philharmonic. Over the next several years, she made a number of concert appearances in the United States, but racial prejudice prevented her career from gaining momentum. Her first performance at Carnegie Hall was in 1928.[13]

Rosenwald Fund

During her fall 1929 concert schedule, Anderson sang at

Orchestra Hall in Chicago, for which she received measured praise. Critic Herman Devries from the Chicago Evening American wrote, "[Anderson] reached near perfection in every requirement of vocal art—the tone was of superb timbre, the phrasing of utmost refinement, the style pure, discreet, musicianly. But after this there was a letdown, and we took away the impression of a talent still unripe, but certainly a talent of potential growth."[14] In the audience were two representatives from Julius Rosenwald's philanthropic organization, the Rosenwald Fund. The organization's representatives, Ray Field and George Arthur, encouraged Anderson to apply for a Rosenwald Fellowship, from which she received $1500 to study in Berlin.[15]

European tours

Anderson went to Europe, where she spent a number of months studying with

Geni Sadero[5] before launching a highly successful European singing tour.[13] In the summer of 1930, she went to Scandinavia, where she met the Finnish pianist Kosti Vehanen, who became her regular accompanist and her vocal coach for many years. She also met Jean Sibelius through Vehanen after he had heard her in a concert in Helsinki. Moved by her performance, Sibelius invited them to his home and asked his wife to bring champagne in place of the traditional coffee. Sibelius complimented Anderson on her performance; he felt that she had been able to penetrate the Nordic soul. The two struck up an immediate friendship, which further blossomed into a professional partnership, and for many years Sibelius altered and composed songs for Anderson. He created a new arrangement of the song "Solitude" and dedicated it to Anderson in 1939. Originally The Jewish Girl's Song from his 1906 incidental music to Belshazzar's Feast, it later became the "Solitude" section of the orchestral suite derived from the incidental music.[16][17]

In 1933, Anderson made her European debut in a concert at Wigmore Hall in London, where she was received enthusiastically. In the first years of the 1930s, she toured Europe, where she did not encounter the prejudices she had experienced in America.[18] Anderson, accompanied by Vehanen, continued to tour throughout Europe during the mid-1930s. Before going back to Scandinavia, where fans had "Marian fever", she performed in Russia and the major cities of Eastern Europe.[19] She became a favorite of many conductors and composers of major European orchestras quickly.[20] During a 1935 tour in Salzburg, the conductor Arturo Toscanini told her she had a voice "heard once in a hundred years."[21][22]

American tours

In 1934, impresario Sol Hurok offered Anderson a better contract than she had with Arthur Judson previously. He became her manager and persuaded her to return to America to perform.[23] In 1935, Anderson made her second recital appearance at The Town Hall, New York City, which received highly favorable reviews from music critics.[24] She spent the next four years touring throughout the United States and Europe. She was offered opera roles by several European houses, but Anderson declined all of them due to her lack of acting experience. She did, however, record a number of arias in the studio, which became bestsellers.[20]

Anderson's accomplishments as a singer did not make her immune to the Jim Crow laws in the 1930s. Although she gave approximately seventy recitals a year in the United States, Anderson was still turned away by some American hotels and restaurants. In the midst of this discrimination, Albert Einstein, a champion of racial tolerance, hosted Anderson on many occasions, the first being in 1937 when she was denied a hotel room while performing at Princeton University.[25] Einstein's first hosting of Anderson became the subject of a play, "My Lord, What a Night", in 2021.[26] She last stayed with him months before he died in 1955.[27][28]

1939 Lincoln Memorial concert

External audio
audio icon Anderson performing at the Lincoln Memorial in 1939

In 1939,

District of Columbia Board of Education declined a request for the use of the auditorium of Central High School, a white public high school.[33]

The next day, Charles Edward Russell, a co-founder of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and chair of the DC citywide Inter-Racial Committee, held a meeting of the Marian Anderson Citizens Committee (MACC). This included the National Negro Congress, the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, the American Federation of Labor, and the Washington Industrial Council-CIO, church leaders and activists in the city, and numerous other organizations. MACC elected Charles Hamilton Houston as its chairman and on February 20, the group picketed the Board of Education, collected signatures on petitions, and planned a mass protest at the next board meeting.[34]

In the ensuing furor, thousands of DAR members, including First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, resigned from the organization.[35][1][36] Roosevelt wrote to the DAR: "I am in complete disagreement with the attitude taken in refusing Constitution Hall to a great artist ... You had an opportunity to lead in an enlightened way and it seems to me that your organization has failed."[37]

African American novelist

Central High School. Hurston declared "to jump the people responsible for racial bias would be to accuse and expose the accusers themselves. The District of Columbia has no home rule; it is controlled by congressional committees, and Congress at the time was overwhelmingly Democratic. It was controlled by the very people who were screaming so loudly against the DAR. To my way of thinking, both places should have been denounced, or neither."[38]

As the controversy grew, the American press overwhelmingly supported Anderson's right to sing. The

Walter White, then-executive secretary of the NAACP, and Anderson's manager, Sol Hurok, persuaded Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes to arrange an open-air concert on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial.[35] The concert was performed on Easter Sunday, April 9. Anderson was accompanied, as usual, by Vehanen. They began the performance with a dignified and stirring rendition of "My Country, 'Tis of Thee". The event attracted a crowd of more than 75,000 in addition to a national radio audience of millions.[41]

Two months later, in conjunction with the 30th NAACP conference in Richmond, Virginia, Eleanor Roosevelt gave a speech on national radio (NBC and CBS) and presented Anderson with the 1939 Spingarn Medal for distinguished achievement.[42] In 2001, a documentary film of the concert was chosen for the National Film Registry, and in 2008, NBC radio coverage of the event was selected for the National Recording Registry.[1]

Mid-career

Gustav Mahler's Kindertotenlieder
1. "Nun will die Sonn' so hell aufgehn" (4:40)
2. "Nun seh' ich wohl, warum so dunkle Flammen" (3:58)
3. "Wenn dein Mütterlein" (4:12)
"4. "Oft denk' ich, sie sind nur ausgegangen" (3:03)
5. "In diesem Wetter, in diesem Braus" (6:11)
Anderson with the San Francisco Symphony, conducted by Pierre Monteux (1950)
External audio
audio icon Anderson performing with Dimitri Mitropoulos at Lewisohn Stadium in 1952

During

Constitution Hall, having been invited by the DAR to perform before an integrated audience as part of a benefit for the American Red Cross. She said of the event, "When I finally walked onto the stage of Constitution Hall, I felt no different than I had in other halls. There was no sense of triumph. I felt that it was a beautiful concert hall and I was very happy to sing there." In contrast, the District of Columbia Board of Education continued to bar her from using the high school auditorium in the District of Columbia.[1]

  • Anderson at the Department of the Interior in 1943, commemorating her 1939 concert
    Anderson at the Department of the Interior in 1943, commemorating her 1939 concert
  • Portrait of Marian Anderson by Laura Wheeler Waring (1944).
    Portrait of Marian Anderson by Laura Wheeler Waring (1944).

Ford 50th Anniversary Show

On June 15, 1953, Anderson headlined The Ford 50th Anniversary Show, which was broadcast live from New York City on both NBC and CBS. Midway through the program, she sang "He's Got the Whole World in His Hands". She returned to close the program with her rendition of the "Battle Hymn of the Republic". The program attracted an audience of 60 million viewers. Forty years after the broadcast, television critic Tom Shales recalled the broadcast as both "a landmark in television" and "a milestone in the cultural life of the '50s".[43]

The Metropolitan Opera

On January 7, 1955, Anderson became the first African American to sing with the Metropolitan Opera in New York. At the invitation of director Rudolf Bing, she sang the part of Ulrica in Giuseppe Verdi's Un ballo in maschera (opposite Zinka Milanov, then Herva Nelli, as Amelia).[44] Anderson later said about the evening, "The curtain rose on the second scene and I was there on stage, mixing the witch's brew. I trembled, and when the audience applauded and applauded before I could sing a note, I felt myself tightening into a knot." Although she never appeared with the company again, Anderson was named a permanent member of the Metropolitan Opera company. The following year, her autobiography, My Lord, What a Morning, was published, and became a bestseller.[1]

Presidential inaugurations and goodwill ambassador tours

In 1957, she sang for President Dwight D. Eisenhower's inauguration,[45] and toured India and the Far East as a goodwill ambassador through the U.S. State Department and the American National Theater and Academy. She traveled 35,000 miles (56,000 km) in 12 weeks, giving 24 concerts. After that, President Eisenhower appointed her a delegate to the United Nations Human Rights Committee. The same year, she was elected Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[46] In 1958, she was officially designated a delegate to the United Nations, a formalization of her role as "goodwill ambassadress" of the U.S.[1]

On January 20, 1961, she sang for President

March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. That same year, she received one of the newly reinstituted Presidential Medal of Freedom, which is awarded for "especially meritorious contributions to the security or national interest of the United States, World Peace or cultural or other significant public or private endeavors." She also released an album, Snoopycat: The Adventures of Marian Anderson's Cat Snoopy, which included short stories and songs about her beloved black cat.[48] That same year, Anderson concluded her farewell tour, after which she retired from public performance. The international tour began at Constitution Hall on Saturday October 24, 1964, and ended on April 18, 1965, at Carnegie Hall.[1] In 1965, she christened the nuclear-powered ballistic-missile submarine USS George Washington Carver.[49]

Later life

Painting by Betsy Graves Reyneau

Although Anderson retired from singing in 1965, she continued to appear publicly. She often narrated

United States Treasury Department in 1980. Four years later, she was the first person to be honored with the Eleanor Roosevelt Human Rights Award of the City of New York.[1] She was awarded 24 honorary doctoral degrees, by Howard University, Temple University, Smith College, Saint Mary's College and many other colleges and universities.[50][54]

Personal life

Anderson entertains a group of overseas veterans and WACs on the stage of the San Antonio Municipal Auditorium, 1945.

On July 17, 1943, Anderson became the second wife of architect Orpheus H. "King" Fisher in Bethel, Connecticut. Fisher had asked her to marry him when they were teenagers, but she declined at that time because she feared it would have forestalled her music career.[55] The wedding was a private ceremony performed by United Methodist pastor Rev. Jack Grenfell and was the subject of a short story titled "The 'Inside' Story", written by Rev. Grenfell's wife, Dr. Clarine Coffin Grenfell, in her book Women My Husband Married, including Marian Anderson.[21][56][57] According to Dr. Grenfell, the wedding was originally supposed to take place in the parsonage, but because of a bake sale on the lawn of the Bethel United Methodist Church, the ceremony was moved at the last minute to the Elmwood Chapel, on the site of the Elmwood Cemetery in Bethel, in order to keep the event private.[58][59]

By this marriage she gained a stepson, James Fisher, from her husband's previous marriage to Ida Gould, a white woman.[60]

In 1940, seeking a retreat away from the public eye, Anderson and Fisher purchased a three-story Victorian farmhouse on a 100-acre (40 ha) farm in Danbury, Connecticut, after an exhaustive search throughout New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut. Through the years, he built many structures on the property, including an acoustic rehearsal studio he designed for his wife. The property remained Anderson's home for almost 50 years.[61]

From 1943, she resided at the farm that Orpheus had named Marianna Farm.[62] The farm was on Joe's Hill Road, in the Mill Plain section of western Danbury. She constructed a three-bedroom ranch house as a residence, and she used a separate one-room structure as her studio. In 1996, the farm was named one of 60 sites on the Connecticut Freedom Trail. The studio was moved to downtown Danbury as the Marian Anderson studio.[63][64]

As a town resident, Anderson wished to live as normally as possible, declining offers to be treated in restaurants and stores as a celebrity. She was known to visit the Danbury State Fair and sang at the city hall on the occasion of the lighting of Christmas ornaments. She gave a concert at the Danbury High School, served on the board of the Danbury Music Center, and supported the Charles Ives Center for the Arts and the Danbury Chapter of the NAACP.[63]

In 1986, Orpheus Fisher died after 43 years of marriage. Anderson remained in residence at Marianna Farm until 1992, one year before her death. Although the property was sold to developers, various preservationists as well as the City of Danbury fought to protect Anderson's studio. Their efforts proved successful, and the Danbury Museum and Historical Society received a grant from the state of Connecticut, relocated and restored the structure, and opened it to the public in 2004. In addition to seeing the studio, visitors can see photographs and memorabilia from milestones in Anderson's career.[65][66]

Marian Anderson gravestone in Eden Cemetery

In 1992, Anderson relocated to the home of her nephew, conductor

congestive heart failure, at the age of 96.[67] She is interred at Eden Cemetery, in Collingdale, Pennsylvania.[68]

Awards and honors

External audio
audio icon Anderson performing Brahms' Alto Rhapsody with Pierre Monteux conducting the San Francisco Symphony in 1945

Legacy

Converse College
, South Carolina

The life and art of Anderson has been commemorated by writers, artists, and city, state, and national organizations. The following is a selected list:

Marian Anderson Award

Anderson established the Marian Anderson Award in 1943 after she was awarded The Philadelphia Award in 1940, which included $25,000 in prize money (equivalent to $561,105 in 2024). Anderson used the money to establish a singing competition to help support young singers. The prize fund was exhausted in due course and disbanded in 1976. In 1990, the award was re-established and issued annually up to 2019, when the last award was granted to Kool & the Gang.

In 1998, the Marian Anderson Award prize money was restructured to be given to an established artist, not necessarily a singer, who exhibits leadership in a humanitarian area.[100]

In 2020 and 2021, ceremonies were canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

In 2022, the Award moved from a private operation to a program administered by Play On Philly, a classical music education organization aimed at local youth. Instead of an annual award ceremony, the funds were used to create the Marian Anderson Young Artist Program,[101] a tuition-free program with a mission to "serve those individuals whose communities have historically been excluded from the highest levels of musical excellence due to structural barriers in our country."[102]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Allan Kozinn, "Marian Anderson Is Dead at 96; Singer Shattered Racial Barriers", The New York Times, April 9, 1993.
  2. ^ "Negro Singer, Six Others Named to UN Archived July 26, 2023, at the Wayback Machine." Richmond, Virginia: Richmond Times-Dispatch, July 24, 1958, p. 17 (subscription required).
  3. ^ Keiler 2000, pp. 16–17, 22, 312.
  4. ^ Keiler 2000, p. 17.
  5. ^ a b c d Allan Keiler, "Marian Anderson: A Singer's Journey by Allan Keiler" Chapter One. The New York Times, 2000 (subscription required) Archived February 16, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
  6. ^ Beisert, Oscar; Hildebrandt, Rachel (August 11, 2015). "Philadelphia Register of Historic Places Nomination: Union Baptist Church, 711-15 S. 12th Street, Philadelphia, PA" (PDF). Keeping Society of Philadelphia. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 24, 2021. Retrieved November 27, 2020.
  7. ^
    ISBN 978-1-61703-230-1
    .
  8. ^
    OCLC 980490928
    .
  9. ^ Bond, Zanice (January 19, 2007). "Marian Anderson (1897–1993)". BlackPast.org. Archived from the original on April 15, 2020. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
  10. ^ Ferris 1994, p. 33.
  11. ^ "Marian Anderson". Discography of American Historical Recordings. Archived from the original on November 30, 2020. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
  12. ^ Aberjhani; West, Sandra L. (2003). Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance. Infobase. pp. 11–13.
  13. ^ a b "Marian Anderson in recital here this Monday night". New journal and guide. December 1, 1928.
  14. ^ Keiler 2000, p. 90.
  15. ^ Keiler 2000, pp. 90–91.
  16. ^ "Arrangements for voice and piano". The Finnish Club of Helsinki. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved February 23, 2007.
  17. ^ "Belshazzar's Feast". The Finnish Club of Helsinki. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved February 23, 2007.
  18. ^ Keiler 2000, p. 76.
  19. ^ "Marian Anderson papers: Biography/History". University of Pennsylvania. Archived from the original on October 21, 2020. Retrieved November 24, 2014.
  20. ^
    Grove Music Online
    , ed. L. Macy, accessed February 9, 2009 (subscription required)
  21. ^ a b "Penn Special Collections-MA Register 4". U Penn. Archived from the original on October 28, 2012. Retrieved December 13, 2012.
  22. ^ "Marian Anderson Papers, ca. 1900–1993 – Scope and Content Note". University of Pennsylvania Library Special Collections-MA Register 4. January 31, 2003. Archived from the original on June 7, 2007. Retrieved December 6, 2007.
  23. ^ Keiler 2000, p. 159.
  24. OCLC 883266758.[page needed
    ]
  25. ^ Alicia Ault. "How Marian Anderson Became an Iconic Symbol for Equality." Smithsonian Magazine. August 14, 2019. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/how-marian-anderson-became-iconic-symbol-equality-180972898/ Archived January 30, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
  26. ^ Brenda C. Siler. When Marian Anderson Spent a Night With Albert Einstein. The Washington Informer. October 13, 2021.https://www.washingtoninformer.com/when-marian-anderson-spent-a-night-with-albert-einstein/
  27. ^ Walter Isaacson, Einstein: His Life and Universe, Simon & Schuster, 2007, p. 445.
  28. YouTube, Arte, documentary, Germany 2015 Archived April 2, 2019, at the Wayback Machine
  29. OCLC 52514287
    .
  30. ^ Robbins, Hollis (September 30, 2019). "Profits of Order". BLARB. LA Review of Books. Archived from the original on October 25, 2022. Retrieved October 25, 2022.
  31. ^ "Marian Anderson at the MET: The 50th Anniversary, Early Career". The Metropolitan Opera Guild. 2005. Archived from the original on February 6, 2006. Retrieved October 8, 2006.
  32. ^ "NSDAR Archives Marian Anderson Documents (January–April 1939)". Daughters of the American Revolution. April 8, 2019. Archived from the original on September 8, 2021. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
  33. ^ "What we can give". Rolla Daily News. June 12, 2015. Retrieved March 4, 2020.
  34. ^ Simpson, Craig (March 14, 2013). "DC's Old Jim Crow Rocked by 1939 Marian Anderson Concert". Washington Spark. Archived from the original on July 27, 2013. Retrieved March 25, 2013.
  35. ^ a b Mark Leibovich, "Rights vs. Rights: An Improbable Collision Course", The New York Times, January 13, 2008.
  36. ^ "NBC Radio coverage of Marian Anderson's recital at the Lincoln Memorial". National Recording Preservation Board. April 9, 1939. Archived from the original on August 13, 2022. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  37. ^ "Biography: Marian Anderson" Archived March 23, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, American Experience, PBS
  38. ^ Beito, David (November 15, 2023). "Zora and Eleanor: Toward a Fuller Understanding of the First Lady's Civil Rights Legacy". Independent Institute. Archived from the original on November 18, 2023. Retrieved November 18, 2023.
  39. ^ "The Concert that Stirred America's Conscience". The Attic. February 21, 2019. Archived from the original on January 23, 2020. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
  40. ^ Eleanor Roosevelt and Marian Anderson Archived October 28, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum
  41. ^ Hansen, Jacqueline (2005). "Marian Anderson, Voice of the Century". United States Postal Service. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved August 5, 2007.
  42. ^ "Along the N.A.A.C.P. Battlefront – Richmond Welcomes 30th N.A.A.C.P. Conference". The Crisis. 46 (7). July 1939. Retrieved August 1, 2018. With the conference reaching its climax Sunday Afternoon in the speech of Mrs. Roosevelt presenting to Marian Anderson the 24th Spingarn Medal for distinguished achievement. Mrs Roosevelt's speech will be broadcast ofer both the National Broadcasting Company network and the Columbia Broadcasting chain of stations
  43. Newspapers.com
    .
  44. ^ Jones, Randye. "Marian Anderson Biography". Afrocentric Voices. Archived from the original on June 15, 2018. Retrieved February 12, 2007.
  45. ^ "Inaugurations | Eisenhower Presidential Library". www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov. Archived from the original on January 18, 2024. Retrieved April 13, 2024.
  46. ^ "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter A" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 18, 2006. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
  47. ^ "Marian Anderson Calls on Kennedy at White House" Archived August 28, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, March 23, 1962.
  48. ^ Anderson, Marian. "Snoopycat: The Adventures of Marian Anderson's Cat Snoopy". Smithsonian Folkways. Archived from the original on April 23, 2009. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  49. ^ Keiler 2000, pp. 239.
  50. ^
    ISBN 978-0-19-988286-1
    .
  51. OCLC 236341217
    .
  52. ^ "The University of Pennsylvania Glee Club Award of Merit Recipients". Archived from the original on February 9, 2012.
  53. ^ Quindlen, Anna (February 28, 1977), "Marian Anderson Honored at 75 by Carnegie Hall Concert", The New York Times, p. 24
  54. ^ "Marian Anderson".
  55. ISBN 978-1-4027-4239-2
    .
  56. ^ "Fogler Library: Finding Guide to the Clarine Coffin Grenfell Papers". U Maine. Archived from the original on February 2, 2014. Retrieved December 13, 2012.
  57. ISBN 0-9612766-2-2
    .
  58. ^ "Local Organizations List". Bethel Public Library. Archived from the original on May 12, 2012. Retrieved December 13, 2012.
  59. ^ "General Conference Archives" (PDF). Adventist archives. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 4, 2019. Retrieved December 13, 2012.
  60. ^ Keiler 2000.
  61. William H. Honan, "For a Legend, A Fitting Encore" Archived February 26, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times
    , March 9, 2003.
  62. ^ Colebrook, Jessica, Travel Stories: Marian Anderson Studio Archived October 20, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Connecticut Office of Tourism (2013).
  63. ^ a b Jay Axelbank, "Rare Voice, Gracious Neighbor" Archived August 11, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, November 23, 1997
  64. ^ I-84 Archived January 23, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, NY Croads.
  65. ^ Alice DuBois, "Travel Advisory; A Place to Remember Marian Anderson" Archived April 9, 2024, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, September 26, 2004. The New York Times. Last accessed August 6, 2010.
  66. ^ Michael Schuman, "Singer Marian Anderson, who overcame racism, graced Danbury, Conn.", Albany Times-Union, June 6, 2010, Travel section p. 5. Found at Times Union archives Archived July 17, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Accessed August 6, 2010.
  67. ISBN 978-0-674-01488-6
    .
  68. ^ Mengers, Patti (April 10, 2009). "Singer's courage recalled on anniversary of historic performance". www.delcotimes.com. Delco Times. Archived from the original on November 2, 2020. Retrieved November 2, 2020.
  69. ^ "NAACP | Spingarn Medal Winners: 1915 to today". NAACP. Archived from the original on April 12, 2020. Retrieved September 1, 2020.
  70. ^ "Presidential Medal of Freedom". John F. Kennedy: Presidential Library and Museum. Archived from the original on August 5, 2020. Retrieved September 1, 2020.
  71. ^ "Penn Glee Club: Awards". Penn Glee Club. Archived from the original on August 17, 2020. Retrieved September 1, 2020.
  72. ^ "Anderson, Marian". National Women's Hall of Fame – Marion Anderson. Archived from the original on November 20, 2018. Retrieved November 19, 2018.
  73. ^ a b Quindlen, Anna (February 28, 1977). "Marian Anderson Honored at 75 by Carnegie Hall Concert". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 8, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2020.
  74. ^ "The Congressional Gold Medal for Singer Marian Anderson". United States House of Representative: History, Art & Archives. March 8, 1977. Archived from the original on September 28, 2020. Retrieved September 1, 2020.
  75. ^ "Kennedy Center Honors 1978 [Honorees: Fred Astaire, Richard Roders, George Balanchine, Marion Anderson, Arthur Rubenstein] (TV)". www.paleycenter.org. Archived from the original on November 29, 2020. Retrieved September 1, 2020.
  76. ^ "Gold Sale: A Modern Gold Rush". The Charlotte Observer. July 21, 1980. Archived from the original on November 24, 2020. Retrieved September 1, 2020.
  77. ^ "Eleanor Roosevelt's Human Rights Efforts Remembered with Award". Tyler Morning Telegraph. July 26, 1984. Archived from the original on December 1, 2020. Retrieved September 1, 2020.
  78. ^ "Marian Anderson". NEA. April 9, 2013. Archived from the original on September 29, 2020. Retrieved September 1, 2020.
  79. ^ "Lifetime Achievement Award". GRAMMY.com. October 18, 2010. Archived from the original on November 20, 2019. Retrieved September 1, 2020.
  80. ^ "Marian Anderson History | Marian Anderson Campaign". www.wcsu.edu. Archived from the original on June 22, 2020. Retrieved September 1, 2020.
  81. ^ "Anderson, Marian". Classical Music Walk of Fame. Archived from the original on April 1, 2024. Retrieved April 1, 2024.
  82. ISBN 0-275-93138-2
    .
  83. ^ "Stanley Meltzoff Archives: The 1976 Bell System Telephone Book Cover" Archived August 13, 2021, at the Wayback Machine JKL Museum of Telephony (December 19, 2015); retrieved March 16, 2021
  84. ^ Kandell, Leslie (February 13, 2003). "Highlights in the Life Of Marian Anderson". The New York Times.
  85. OCLC 47849455
    .
  86. ISBN 1-57392-963-8
    .
  87. ^ Holtz, Jeff (March 5, 2005). "Noticed; Oops! 9-year-old spots a typo". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 29, 2015. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  88. United States Treasury
    , December 28, 2011.
  89. ^ "Freedom Song". BBC Radio 4. Archived from the original on September 23, 2014. Retrieved November 17, 2008.
  90. ^ "Education Update - A Force for British Style Band Music at King's Point". www.educationupdate.com. Retrieved July 6, 2024.
  91. ^ "Marian Anderson House". National Park Service. Archived from the original on July 21, 2022. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  92. ^ "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form" (PDF). Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. February 14, 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 14, 2022. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  93. ^ Beisert, Oscar; Duffin, J. M. (August 3, 2016). "Philadelphia Register of Historic Places Nomination: Union Baptist Church (1915–16)" (PDF). Keeping Society of Philadelphia. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved November 27, 2020.
  94. ^ "Treasury Secretary Lew Announces Front of New $20 to Feature Harriet Tubman, Lays Out Plans for New $20, $10 and $5" (Press release). United States Department of the Treasury. April 20, 2016. Archived from the original on August 13, 2016. Retrieved September 2, 2016.
  95. ^ Kutner, Max (April 21, 2016). "Who Is Marian Anderson, the Woman on the New $5 Bill?". Newsweek. Archived from the original on August 30, 2016. Retrieved September 2, 2016.
  96. ^ SisumD (June 26, 2018). "One Life: Marian Anderson". npg.si.edu. Retrieved May 8, 2025.
  97. ^ Institution, Smithsonian. "National Portrait Gallery Presents "One Life: Marian Anderson"". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved May 8, 2025.
  98. ^ "Voice of Freedom: Turbulent Times Turned An Artist Into A Hero". American Experience. PBS. February 15, 2021. Archived from the original on February 16, 2021. Retrieved February 17, 2021.
  99. ^ Dobrin, Peter (June 8, 2024). "It's official: Philadelphia Orchestra's home now called Marian Anderson Hall". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on June 9, 2024. Retrieved June 9, 2024.
  100. ^ About the Award Archived March 20, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, MarianAndersonaward.org
  101. ^ "Play On Philly acquires the Marian Anderson Award". WHYY. Archived from the original on February 24, 2024. Retrieved May 29, 2024.
  102. ^ "Marian Anderson Young Artist Program". Play On Philly. Archived from the original on March 27, 2024. Retrieved May 29, 2024.

Sources

Bibliography

Biographical entries

Selected discography
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Marian Anderson.