Matvey Kazakov
Matvey Fyodorovich Kazakov | |
---|---|
Butyrka | |
Projects | Completion of Tsaritsyno Palace and Park (1796) |
Matvey Fyodorovich Kazakov (
Early years
Kazakov was born in Moscow. His father was a government clerk and a former serf who earned his freedom by serving in the Navy. When Kazakov was twelve years old, he joined the architectural school of Dmitry Ukhtomsky, where he worked and studied until 1760. After a devastating fire in Tver in 1761, Kazakov was assigned to rebuild Tver as a junior architect under P.R. Nikitin, and dedicated seven years to this project. The Travel, or Transit, Palace was completed by Kazakov in 1767.
Shadow of Bazhenov
In 1768, Kazakov joined
Kazakov stepped out of Bazhenov’s shadow, receiving his first personal royal commission to design a temporary Prechistenka palace for
Mature works
Numerous private houses built by Kazakov shaped the city before 1812. These were very simple classicist structures consisting of a symmetrical rectangular core with portico and very modest exterior decoration.[3] "Kazakov's Moscow" disappeared in the fire of 1812; the few surviving houses were later altered, rebuilt, or torn down.
Kazakov's legacy remains in public buildings,[4] country palaces and churches. Kazakov's major works, unlike Bazhenov's and the private houses of his own design, are almost invariably centered on Kazakov's trademark rotunda halls.
Petrovsky Palace or Petroff Palace (Петровский подъездной дворец, "St.Peter's Arrival Palace") was begun in 1776 and officially completed November 3, 1780 (though the works continued for three more years).[5] This palace was intended to be the last overnight station of royal journeys from St. Petersburg to Moscow. Catherine visited once, in 1785; Paul I abandoned it; Napoleon lived in it, and watched the city in flames, but burned it down when he left it.[6] The palace was restored in the 1830s and again in 1874 with minor alterations.
The red-brick castle with white detail originally had two royal apartments on the first floor and plenty of service space on the ground floor. They all converge on a central rotunda hall. The descriptor of "
The building remained a royal hotel until 1918, but also housed a variety of non-royal residents;
The Kremlin Senate project was started in 1776 by Karl Blank on a large triangular property in the northern corner of the Kremlin, following a 1775 draft by Kazakov. Blank was demoted in 1779, and Kazakov took the lead. He envisaged the Governing Senate as the Temple of Law. The triangular structure is centered on the Rotunda Hall, which has a diameter of 24.6 meters. Its dome originally carried a St. George statue, then a statue of Justice which was destroyed by French troops in 1812. Later, the state flag flew from the dome, as seen from Red Square, and the dome became a Soviet propaganda icon.[8]
In the 1990s, the Senate was converted to house
Moscow University was built in three stages, beginning in 1784. A reconstruction by
Assembly of the Nobility (Благородное собрание, later dubbed "
Golitsyn Hospital (Голицынская больница) was built with a 900,000 rouble private endowment of the late
Pavlovskaya Hospital (Павловская больница, now "Fourth City Hospital") is the only work of Kazakov's that has remained unaltered over two centuries. Established in 1763, it was the oldest public hospital in Moscow. In 1802, Kazakov started to rebuild the main building in the strict Neoclassicist style; side buildings were added by Giliardi in the 1820s. In the process of construction, Kazakov was indicted for fraud; he was spared from criminal persecution but lost his license,[12] which barred him from state-funded projects.
Death and legacy
In 1806, the ailing Kazakov finally retired from practice. After the Battle of Borodino, Kazakov's children evacuated him to Ryazan. The city burned down in September 1812. Relatives tried to shield him from the news about the fire of Moscow, but eventually the news reached him. Kazakov died at Ryazan on October 26, 1812 (Old Style) and was buried in Ryazan's Trinity Monastery.[13]
Kazakov had three sons, all trained in architecture. Pavel and Vasily died young; Matvey survived his father and died at age 39.[14]
Kazakov's most successful students and assistants were Joseph Bové, Ivan Yegotov (1756–1814), Fedor Sokolov (1752–1824), and Alexei Bakarev (1762–1817).
Chronological list of notable buildings in Moscow
- 1773 – Golitsyn House, Tverskaya Street, destroyed 1812
- 1773 – Prozorovsky House, Bolshaya Polyanka Street, destroyed 1935 (disputed, also attributed to Bazhenov)
- 1776 – Golitsyn House, Bolshaya Lubyanka Street, destroyed 1928
- 1777 – Church of Metropolitan Philip, Gilyarovskogo Street
- 1780 – Gagarin House, Armyansky Lane
- 1780 – Prozorovsky House, Tverskaya Street, destroyed 1930s
- 1782 – Rumyantsev House, Maroseika Street (disputed, also attributed to Bazhenov) Today, houses the embassy of Belarus
- 1775-1782 – Petrovsky Palace (or Castle)
- 1785 – Kalinin and Petrov House, Ilyinka Street
- 1785 – Khryaschev House, Ilyinka Street, destroyed 1930s
- 1785 – Kiryakov House, Petrovka Street (disputed, attributed to Kazakov’s junior architects)
- 1779Moscow Kremlin
- 1788 – Church of the Resurrection, Gorokhovo Pole
- 1784-1790s – Assembly of the Nobility, now House of Unions, Okhotny Ryad Street
- 1790s – Domenico Giliardi
- 1790s – Khlebnikov House, Novaya Basmannaya Street
- 1790s – Baryshnikov House, Myasnitskaya Street
- 1790s – own house and school, Moscow, Zlatoustinsky lane
- 1791 – Demidov House, Gorokhovsky lane
- 1791 – Yermolov House, Tverskaya Street, demolished 1936
- 1792 – Kozitskaya House, Petrovka Street, rebuilt in 1901 as Yeliseyev’s Food Shop
- 1792 – Gubin House, Tverskaya Street
- 1786-1796 – Tsaritsyno Palace and Park (original project by Bazhenov, redesign and completion by Kazakov)
- 1797 – Musin-Pushkin House, Tverskaya Street, destroyed 1886
- 1796-1801 – Golitsyn (First City) Hospital, Kaluzhskaya Street
- 1801 – Church of St.John the Baptist, destroyed
- 1791-1803 – Church of St. Cosma and Damian, Maroseika Street
- 1802-1811 – Pavlovskaya (St.Paul’s) Hospital, Pavlovskaya Street
Footnotes
- ISBN 5-98051-011-7(Moscow architectural monuments. Suburbs of old Moscow, 2004, pp.138-144)
- ^ Many Catherinian buildings can not be positively attributed to Bazhenov or Kazakov. Both worked together on major projects like Tsaritsino, and records were lost to 1812 fire and later losses
- ^ Russian: Владимир Седов. Палладианская классика в Москве Project Classica, illustrated examples
- ^ Hospitals were built well outside of city limits to control disease, and so survived the fire that razed the city
- ^ Vostrishev & Shokarev 2011, p. 652.
- ^ http://www.petroffpalace.mos.ru/en/history
- ^ Russian: Yevgenia Totukhova. Photography Archived 2006-07-07 at archive.today
- ^ Russian: Julia Labunskaya. Kazakov's Moscow, p.12[permanent dead link]
- ^ Moscow News, No.6, 2003, Russian: www.mn.ru Archived 2005-01-04 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Russian: info on Pillar Hall www.7ya.ru
- ^ "www.pravoslavie.ru". Archived from the original on 2007-10-10. Retrieved 2007-01-31.
- ^ Russian: Julia Labunskaya. Kazakov's Moscow, p.26[permanent dead link]
- ^ This story appears in all biographies of Kazakov, sometimes referring to his son's memoirs
- ^ Russian: info on Kazakov estate and family www.moskva.kotoroy.net Archived 2007-02-06 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Construction began in 1776, initially managed by Karl Blank
Sources
- Vostrishev, M. I.; Shokarev, S. U. (2011). Вся Москва от А до Я [Encyclopaedia "Moscow from A to Z"]. Moscow. p. 652. ISBN 978-5-4320-0001-9.)
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External links
- Pictures of Kazakov's Moscow (in Russian)