Membrane vesicle trafficking
Membrane vesicle trafficking in
In this process, the packed cellular products are released or secreted outside the cell, across its membrane. On the other hand, the vesicular membrane is retained and recycled by the secretory cells. This phenomenon has a major role in synaptic
In
Movement within eukaryotic cells
Once vesicles are produced in the endoplasmic reticulum and modified in the Golgi body they make their way to a variety of destinations within the cell. Vesicles first leave the Golgi body and are released into the cytoplasm in a process called budding. Vesicles are then moved towards their destination by motor proteins. Once the vesicle arrives at its destination it joins with the bi-lipid layer in a process called fusion, and then releases its contents.
Budding
Receptors embedded in the membrane of the Golgi body bind specific cargo (such as dopamine) on the lumenal side of the vesicle. These cargo receptors then recruit a variety of proteins including other cargo receptors and coat proteins such as clathrin, COPI and COPII. As more and more of these coating proteins come together, they cause the vesicle to bud outward and eventually break free into the cytoplasm. The coating proteins are then shed into the cytoplasm to be recycled and reused.[1]
Motility between cell compartments
For movement between different compartments within the cell, vesicles rely on the motor proteins myosin, kinesin (primarily anterograde transport) and dynein (primarily retrograde transport). One end of the motor proteins attaches to the vesicle while the other end attaches to either microtubulees or microfilaments. The motor proteins then move by hydrolyzing ATP, which propels the vesicle towards its destination.[2]
Docking and Fusion
As a vesicle nears its intended location,
Examples in eukaryotes
- Intracellular trafficking occurs between subcellular compartments like Golgi cisternae and multivesicular endosomes for transport of soluble proteins as MVs.
- Budding of MVs directly from plasma membrane as microvesicles released outside the secretory cells.
- Exosomes are MVs that can form inside an internal compartment like multivesicular endosome. Exosomes are released eventually due to fusion of this endosome with plasma membrane of cell.
- Hijacking of exosomal machinery by some viruses like retroviruses, wherein viruses bud inside multivesicular endosomes and get secreted subsequently as exosomes.
All these types (1–4) of modes of membrane vesicle trafficking, taking place in eukaryotic cells have been explained diagrammatically.[5]
In prokaryotes
Unlike in
For more than four decades, cultures of
In conclusion, membrane vesicle trafficking via OMVs of Gram-negative organisms, cuts across species and kingdoms – including plant kingdom
See also
- Bacterial outer membrane vesicles
- Endocytosis
- Exocytosis
- Host–pathogen interaction
- Secretory pathway
- Vesicle (Biology and Chemistry)
- Virulence
References
- PMID 14744428.
- PMID 17335816.
- PMID 1420930.
- S2CID 1465571.
- S2CID 21161202.
- PMID 33523924.
- ^ PMID 20197500.
- PMID 1054578.
- ^ YashRoy RC (1993). "Electron microscope studies of surface pili and vesicles of Salmonella 3,10:r:- organisms". Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 63 (2): 99–102.
- PMID 8631663.
- PMID 11137040.
- S2CID 44528015.
- ^ Yashroy RC (2000). "Hijacking of macrophages by Salmonella (3,10:r:-) through 'type-III' secretion-like exocytotic signaling: a mechanism for infection of chicken ileum". Indian Journal of Poultry Science. 35 (3): 276–281.
- ^ YashRoy RC (June 2003). "Eucaryotic cell intoxication by gram-negative pathogens: a novel bacterial outermembrane-bound nanovesicular exocytosis model for type-III secretion system". Toxicology International. 10 (1): 1–9.
- PMID 24482761.
External links
- Nobel Prize of year 2013 in Physiology and Medicine – press release http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2013/press.html
- Discovery of vesicular exocytosis in prokaryotes https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230793568_Discovery_of_vesicular_exocytosis_in_prokaryotes_and_its_role_in_Salmonella_invasion?ev=prf_pub