Men's movement

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The men's movement is a

Western countries, which consists of groups and organizations of men and their allies who focus on gender issues and whose activities range from self-help and support to lobbying and activism.[1]

The men's movement is made up of several movements that have differing and often antithetical goals.

masculinism, profeminist men's movement, mythopoetic men's movement, men's rights movement, and the Christian men's movement, most notably represented by the Promise Keepers.[1]

Men's liberation movement

Main articles: Men's liberation movement and Gender role

The men's movement consisted of "networks of men self-consciously involved in activities relating to men and gender. It emerged in the late 1960s and 1970s in Western societies, alongside and often in response to the women's movement and feminism."[1] Whilst bearing many of the hallmarks of therapeutic, self-help groups, men's movement groupings have increasingly come to view personal growth and better relations with other men as "useless without an accompanying shift in the social relations and ideologies that support or marginalise different ways of being men".[1] Men's movement activists who are sympathetic to feminist standpoints have been greatly concerned with deconstructing male identity and masculinity.[1] Taking a cue from early feminists who criticized the traditional female gender role, members of the men's liberation movement used the language of sex role theory to argue that the male gender role was similarly restrictive and damaging to men.[2][3] Some men's liberationists decontextualized gender relations and argued that since sex roles were equally harmful to both sexes women and men were equally oppressed.[1][2]

Sociologist Michael Messner writes that by the late 1970s,

[M]en's liberation had disappeared. The conservative and moderate wings of men's liberation became an anti-feminist men's rights movement, facilitated by the language of sex roles. The progressive wing of men's liberation abandoned sex role language and formed a profeminist movement premised on a language of gender relations and power.[2]

Pro-feminist men's movements

Main article: Pro-feminism

The profeminist men's movement emerged from the men's liberation movement in the mid 1970s.

LGBT social movements of the 1960s and 1970s.[2][5] It is the strand of the men's movement that generally embraces the egalitarian goals of feminism.[5][6]

The feminist movement refers to a series of political campaigns for reforms on issues such as reproductive rights, domestic violence, maternity leave, equal pay, women's suffrage, sexual harassment, and sexual violence. The term is most often used to talk about men who support feminism and its efforts to bring about the political, economic, cultural, personal, and social equality of women with men. Many profeminist men believe that masculinity is caused by homophobia and that the dominant model of masculinity is heterosexuality. Men who actively support feminism attempt to bring about gender justice and equality. Their sympathy for feminism revolves around a simple acceptance that men and women should be equal. Women should have the access to jobs and areas of public life as do men. The problem is that there are two general systems, the one fundamentally based on hierarchy and privilege and the other system profeminist men disagree on, arguing that they must change the content of models of masculinity rather than get rid of notions of masculinity and femininity altogether. The fear of being seen as gay prevents boys and men from questioning and ultimately abandoning traditional masculinity. Many pro-feminist men thus believe that men and masculinity will not change much until homophobia is radically undermined. Men have a vital role to play in the transformation of gender relations begun by feminism and the women's movements. Pro-feminist men are welcome and important participants in this process. "Studies of representations of masculinity in the media often highlight constructions that center masculinity around notions of violence, control, aggression."[7]

Profeminist men have questioned the cultural ideal of traditional masculinity. They often argue that social expectations and

norms have forced men into rigid gender roles, limited men's ability to express themselves, and restricted their choices to behaviors regarded as socially acceptable for men.[5] Moreover, profeminist men have sought to disestablish sexism and reduce discrimination against women.[6] They have campaigned alongside feminists on a variety of issues, including the Equal Rights Amendment, reproductive rights, laws against employment discrimination, affordable child care, and to end sexual violence against women.[2][5][6]

"Feminist men's movements have organised around the rejection of traditional styles of masculinity in support of feminist women's movements. They exist in many countries and many feminist men's groups focus on involving men in anti-violence work."

#MeToo have prompted large numbers of men to reflect on their own sexual and social relations with women, although there is pushback and backlash too."[10] Criticisms of some pro feminist men's campaigns have been that they do too little, simply signing a form or wearing a ribbon instead of taking real action such as addressing their own behaviour and the behaviour of their peers. While feminism has recently gained more traction in society, it has allowed for more men to adopt tokenistic support for feminism which lacks real substance.[10]

In more recent decades following the beginning of the profeminist men's movement in the United States, similar and interconnected initiatives have been organized internationally.[11] In 2004, a number of leaders involved with engaging men and boys in gender justice around the world came together to form the global organization MenEngage.[12] Since then MenEngage has organized two international conferences; one in Rio de Janeiro in 2009 and another in New Delhi in 2014.[12]

Significant profeminist writers include

Robert Jensen, Jackson Katz,[14] and Don Edgar.[15]

Men's and fathers' rights movements

Main articles: Men's rights movement and Fathers' rights movement
Men's Rights Movement Rally, India

The men's rights movement branched off from the men's liberation movement in the mid- to late 1970s.[2][16] It focused specifically on issues of perceived discrimination and inequalities faced by men.[2][17] The MRM has been involved in a variety of issues related to law (including family law, parenting, reproduction and domestic violence), government services (including education, military service and social safety nets) health.[16]

The fathers' rights movement is a subset of the men's rights movement.[18][19][20] Its members are primarily interested in issues related to family law, including child custody and child support that affect fathers and their children.[21][22]

Prominent men's rights activists include

Glenn Sacks is a fathers' rights activist.[26]

Mythopoetic men's movement

Main article: Mythopoetic men's movement

The mythopoetic men's movement is based on spiritual perspectives derived from

psychological development
.

Masculinity is seen to include deep unconscious patterns and archetypes that are revealed through myth, story and ritual, as supported by theories drawn from analytical or "depth" psychology.

There is some overlap with men's rights and men's liberation perspectives.

Activities include:

  • Male
    mentoring
    programs (based on the belief that mature males should help boys to become healthy men)
  • Ritual, drumming and storytelling camps
  • Support groups
  • Attempts at developing curricula for boys' programs in schools

Robert Bly,

Stephen Biddulph[28]
are prominent mythopoetic authors.

Terminology

Sociologists Michael Messner and Michael Flood have argued separately that the term "movement" is problematic as, unlike other social movements, the men's movement has mostly been focused on self-improvement, is internally contradictory, and consists of members of what they argue is a privileged group.[1][2]

See also

References

  1. ^
    ISBN 978-0-415-33343-6
    .
  2. ^
    S2CID 143890298. Pdf.
  3. ISBN 978-0-415-33343-6
    .
  4. ISBN 978-0-252-02884-7
    .
  5. ^
    ISBN 978-1-4282-2995-2
    .
  6. ^
    ISBN 978-1-57607-774-0
    .
  7. doi:10.1177/1060826520913613
    .
  8. S2CID 198606517
    . Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  9. S2CID 198606517
    . Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  10. ^
    S2CID 171092079
    .
  11. ^ Okun, Rob (2014). "Men and Boys for Gender Justice".
  12. ^ a b Dasuptain, KumKum (2014). "Gender equality forum urges men to take responsibility on contraception".
  13. ISBN 978-3-03910-847-3
    .
  14. ISBN 978-0-415-54378-1
    .
  15. ISBN 978-0-415-91595-3
    .
  16. ^
    ISBN 978-0847691302
    .
  17. ^ a b c Maddison, Sarah (1999). "Private Men, Public Anger: The Men's Rights Movement in Australia" (PDF). Journal of Interdisciplinary Gender Studies. 4 (2): 39–52. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2013.
  18. S2CID 142721825
    .
  19. doi:10.1111/j.1475-682X.2009.00293.x
    .
  20. ISBN 978-1-57607-774-0
    .
  21. ISBN 978-1-84113-629-5. {{cite book}}: |first2= has generic name (help
    )
  22. ^ Collier, R; Sheldon S (1 November 2006). "Unfamiliar territory: The issue of a father's rights and responsibilities covers more than just the media-highlighted subject of access to his children". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 20 May 2008. Retrieved 17 October 2007.
  23. ISBN 978-1-934043-30-1
    .
  24. ^ Goldberg, Stephanie B. (1995). "Make Room for Daddy". American Bar Association Journal. 83 (2): 48–52.
  25. ISBN 978-0-19-518113-5
    .
  26. Salon
    . Retrieved 31 May 2013.
  27. ^
    S2CID 144761642
    .
  28. ISBN 978-0-7456-1915-6
    .

Further reading

External links
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