Metal amides
Metal amides (systematic name metal azanides) are a class of
-
Tetrakis(dimethylamino)titanium
Geometry and structure
In principle, the M-NX2 group could be pyramidal or planar. The pyramidal geometry is not observed.
In many complexes, the amido is a bridging ligand. Some examples have both bridging and terminal amido ligands. Bulky amide ligands have a lesser tendency to bridge. Amide ligands may participate in metal-ligand π-bonding giving a complex with the metal center being co-planar with the nitrogen and substituents. Metal bis(trimethylsilyl)amides form a significant subcategory of metal amide compounds. These compounds tend to be discrete and soluble in organic solvents.
Alkali metal amides
Lithium amides are the most important amides. They are prepared from
- R2NH + BuLi → R2NLi + BuH
The lithium amides are more common and more soluble than the other alkali metal analogs. Potassium amides are prepared by transmetallation of lithium amides with
The alkali metal amides, MNH2 (M = Li, Na, K) are commercially available. Sodium amide (also known as sodamide) is synthesized from
The sodium compound is white, but the presence of metallic iron turns the commercial material gray.- 2 Na + 2 NH3 → 2 NaNH2 + H2
Main group amido complexes
Amido derivatives of main group elements are well developed.[5]
Transition metal complexes
Early transition metal amides may be prepared by treating anhydrous metal chloride with alkali amide reagents. In some cases, two equivalents of a secondary amine can be used, one equivalent serving as a base:[6]
- MCln + n LiNR2 → M(NR2)n + n LiCl
- MCln + 2n HNR2 → M(NR2)n + n HNR2·HCl
Transition metal amide complexes have been prepared by these methods:[6]
- treating a halide complexwith an alkali amide
- deprotonation of a coordinated amine
- oxidative addition of an amine
Amido-ammine complexes
Highly cationic metal ammine complexes such as [Pt(NH3)6]4+ spontaneously convert to the amido derivative:
- [Pt(NH3)6]4+ ↔ [Pt(NH3)5(NH2)]3+ + H+
Transition metal amides are intermediates in the base-induced substitution of
- [Co(NH3)5Cl]2+ + OH− → [Co(NH3)4(NH2)]2+ + H2O + Cl−
- [Co(NH3)4NH2]2+ + H2O → [Co(NH3)5OH]2+
See also
References
- .
- ISBN 978-0-470-74037-8.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ^ Bergstrom, F. W. (1955). "Sodium Amide". Organic Syntheses; Collected Volumes, vol. 3, p. 778.
- )
- .
- ^ ISBN 978-1-891389-53-5.
- PMID 18576632.
- ISBN 0-13-035471-6.