Miller Beach
Miller Beach | ||
---|---|---|
Neighborhood | ||
ZIP code 46403 | ||
Area code | 219 |
Miller Beach (also commonly known as Miller) is a neighborhood of
Home to some of the world's most threatened ecosystems, Miller Beach contains a high proportion of legally protected land. Miller encompasses the westernmost part of Indiana Dunes National Park, which is part of the United States National Park system,[7] and includes both the Miller Woods and Long Lake areas. Indiana Dunes' West Beach area lies immediately to the east of Miller Beach. The entire shoreline of Miller is public beachfront.[8][9] Miller's large lakefront park, Marquette Park, is a national landmark containing architecturally significant and historic structures, two bronze sculptures and the location of early experiments in aviation which predate the Wright Brothers flights. Less than an hour from downtown Chicago by car, Miller Beach has attracted Chicagoans as tourists and residents for more than a century. The most affluent area within the municipal boundaries of Gary, Miller Beach contains multiple business districts, including the
Geography
Miller Beach sits at Lake Michigan's southern tip,[13] and at the northeastern tip of Lake County. The majority of Gary's lakefront is occupied by heavy industry, Miller Beach is the only residential area within Gary's municipal boundaries with unspoiled lake frontage. The shoreline of Miller is publicly owned either by the municipal or federal governments,[8] and beachfront homes are separated from the lake by "an apron of dunes".[11]
Protected lands separate Miller Beach from most of its neighbors, except for the smaller Gary neighborhood of
As a legacy of the cycles of expansion it has undergone since the 19th century, Miller Beach contains a number of distinct neighborhoods. Miller's traditional core, The Grandlake Historic District, between Lake Street and Grand Boulevard, is home to Miller's oldest homes and civil structures, many built during the period of Miller's political independence such as Miller Town Hall and Miller School. The northern part of Miller Beach is chiefly residential and surrounded entirely by national parkland. At the far northeast corner, along County Line Road, Miller's most expensive development, East Edge,[6] rubs shoulders with the Miller Village apartment complex.[15]
West of Miller's downtown is another multi-block apartment complex, Duneland Village, containing a small baseball park, the 3.47-acre Gibson Fields, home field of Miller Little League for generations.
History
Early history
When Lake Michigan first entered recorded history in the early 1600s, the land at the lake's southern end was populated by the
French missionary Father Jacques Marquette passed along the south shore of Lake Michigan in 1675, attempting to return to Canada after he had fallen gravely ill on the Mississippi River. According to local tradition, Marquette camped for a night at the mouth of the Grand Calumet River in present-day Marquette Park, shortly before his death.[24]
As the United States expanded westward in the early 19th century, the Potawatomi were removed from Indiana through a series of treaties and
As white settlement spread across the Upper Midwest in the 19th century, many promoters and speculators sought to attract settlers and commercial development to the
In 1837, the area that would become downtown Miller was purchased and platted by Indian traders William and George Ewing and George H. Walker.[24] The plat bore the name of "Ewing's Subdivision", as the lots within it still do.[24][8] Development in Ewing's Subdivision took off when the railroad arrived in 1851.
Town of Miller
With the coming of the
Swedes began to migrate to the United States in large numbers in the 1860s as a result of the
The combination of proximity to Chicago and a pristine natural environment soon drew visitors from the city. Among them was aviation pioneer Octave Chanute, who staged a series of experimental flights from the 70-foot dunes near Lake Street Beach in 1896.[37][38] Around the same time, the pioneering botanist Henry Chandler Cowles conducted early studies of ecological succession in Miller Woods.[39] In subsequent decades, the Chicago film industry used the Miller dunes and beaches as backdrops in numerous silent films set in exotic locales.[11][40] Among these were films by the Selig Polyscope Company,[41] and the Chicago Essanay Studios productions The Plum Tree (1914)[42] and The Fall of Montezuma (1912), in which the Miller beach represented the coast of Mexico.[40]
Millerites rallied to incorporate their community as the Town of Miller in 1907, hoping to prevent annexation by Gary following the founding of that then booming city in 1906.[43] Gary mayor Thomas Knotts first attempted to annex Miller in 1910 as part of a larger territorial dispute with East Chicago. According to the 1910 census, at that time the Town of Miller had a population of 638 people. [34] This initial annexation effort was successfully resisted.[5]
In the 1910s, the Gary city government and
Part of Gary
After its annexation, the community continued to grow.[47] So did its tourist industry: Drusilla Carr, proprietress of Carr's Beach (now Lake Street Beach), collected rent on more than a hundred beach cottages.[47] With attractions including a shooting gallery, bath house, miniature railroad and "night spots", Carr's Beach was Gary's most popular summer destination in the late 1920s.[47] With the construction and expansion of Marquette Park in the 1930s, and an influx of affluent residents from other parts of Gary in the late 1940s, the neighborhood became increasingly a resort community. It also became a segregated white community, with African-Americans banned from the beaches, and also from the neighborhood except for day workers.
In 1967,
Fearing that the white flight occurring elsewhere in Gary would be replicated in Miller Beach, local residents formed the Miller Citizens Corporation (MCC) in 1971.[51] Unlike similar groups elsewhere in the city, the goal of the MCC was not to prevent integration, but to slow the process so that events did not spiral out of control.[52] The MCC worked to stem flight from the community with techniques including positive publicity about Miller's advantages, and banning "For Sale" signs. As part of this effort, the organization also took on environmental issues, including banning sand mining in residential areas.[53]
The National Lakeshore was founded in 1966 through the efforts of Senator Paul Douglas, ending a struggle that had begun in the 1890s. The Lakeshore's initial boundaries, however, did not include the Miller Woods and Long Lake areas in Miller Beach. After the death of Senator Douglas in 1976, a Lakeshore expansion bill gained bipartisan support in Congress, as a memorial to him.[54] With the bill's passage, the Lakeshore was expanded by 4,300 acres, including Miller Woods and Long Lake.[55]
In 2002, faced with plummeting property tax revenue due to a state-imposed change in assessments of industrial property, the city of Gary nearly doubled tax rates, leading to widespread outcry. Together with other organizations around the state, the Miller Citizens Corporation lobbied successive state governments to impose tax caps.[56] The tax caps became law in 2008,[57] and became part of the state constitution in 2010.
Demographics
Miller Beach began as a working-class town with a primarily
The first house in Miller Beach to be purchased by an African-American family was sold in 1964. Unlike other Gary neighborhoods that saw abrupt white flight and economic dislocation during this period, Miller Beach underwent a stable and peaceful transition through the 1970s to an integrated population with most of the new African-American residents being "upwardly mobile"[63] black professionals.[11] Miller Beach and the previously little-developed Westside neighborhood were the only areas in Gary to experience population growth during the 1970s.[64]
Since early in the community's history, many people have moved to Miller Beach from nearby Chicago, "seeking a getaway from the city".
Natural environment
The natural landscape of Miller Beach includes "some of the most pristine habitats that remain in Northwest Indiana".
This varied landscape of dunes and wetlands is the legacy of fluctuations in Lake Michigan and the Grand Calumet River since the
After the glaciers retreated, factors including
Flora and fauna
At 1,445 plant species,
A wide range of species of wild mammals inhabit the natural areas of Miller Beach, including the
Miller Beach and the adjacent West Beach area of the National Park provide a stopping point for many migratory birds, thanks to their position at the southernmost tip of Lake Michigan.
Miller Woods is home to 18 species of reptiles and amphibians, giving it one of the most diverse
Society
"Where else could you catch salmon or trout in the morning, be in easy access to your metropolitan office, attend a major league game in the afternoon, and still enjoy a dinner with the family in a home near the big water or nestled in the wooded dunes?"
Fred Grady, "Message of Miller", 1973[100]
The Miller Citizens Corporation (MCC) has played a key role in Miller Beach politics and society since its foundation in 1971. Founded to help prevent white flight and disruption during the sudden changes of the 1970s, the MCC quickly expanded into other ways of promoting community stability, including through environmental preservation and zoning ordinances. In the 21st century, the MCC has also been active in addressing city fees and taxation issues.
Other major civic organizations in the neighborhood include the Humane Society of Northwest Indiana and Crisis Center. Located in Miller Beach since 1988,[101] Crisis Center provides crisis intervention and suicide prevention services to teens and adults nationwide.[102]
Miller Beach has had a vibrant religious life dating back to 1874, when the Swedish-speaking Bethel
The Miller Garden Club, founded in 2000, hosts an annual garden walk and plant sale.[107] Miller also hosts several community gardens, one of which is a joint project between Miller's Lutheran and Jewish congregations.[108]
Numerous festivals are held in Miller through the year, including the
Miller Beach is part of the First District of the Gary Common Council,[111]. Residents additionally vote for three at-large council seats.
Economy
The economy of Miller Beach is dominated by retail and tourism, with no heavy industry. Because of its relatively affluent population and scenic lakefront setting, Miller Beach is also able to attract luxury high-end housing development.[112] Many Miller homeowners commute to work in Chicago or have their primary residence in Chicago and a vacation or weekend home in Miller Beach.
Home values in Miller are the highest of any area within the municipal boundaries of Gary. In 2006, a home on Miller's lakefront sold for more than
Commercial activity in Miller Beach is clustered primarily along Lake Street and U.S. 20, in the neighborhood's southwestern corner. The Lake Street corridor is a traditional downtown area, described by the city government as having a "pedestrian-friendly, 'Main Street' character."[113] The downtown area has the highest walkability of any part of Miller Beach.[114] Most retail catering to neighborhood residents is concentrated along this corridor.[2] Near the southern end of downtown, the historic Miller Train Station was relocated just a few yards from its original location and is now the main dining room for Miller Pizza Station, a popular restaurant in the downtown area.[115][116]
The U.S. 20 corridor, running along Miller's southern end and partially shared with the Aetna neighborhood, is another commercial center. Businesses along U.S. 20 cater primarily to highway and interstate travelers. This corridor is also home to several strip clubs, a source of frequent anger from community activists.[11]
During the summer months, the Miller Beach Farmers' Market provides an alternative source of fresh food. Begun in 2008 and now sponsored by the
Education
Public schooling in Miller Beach, is provided by the Gary Community School Corporation. Public elementary schools in Miller include Marquette Elementary, near Marquette Park, and Banneker Elementary near Long Lake.[118] The public high school for the area is West Side Leadership Academy in Gary.
Charter schools in Miller Beach include
Nearby institutions of higher learning include
Additional community education facilities include the Paul Douglas Center for Environmental Education in Miller Woods, which provides environmental education to residents and visitors.[122] Numerous scheduled lectures, classes and workshops are held there each year.[122] The trails around the Douglas Center additionally provide a self-guided nature tour.
Downtown Miller Beach is home to the South Shore Centre for the Arts, located in the building once occupied by the Miller School. The Centre provides classes for the general public on subjects including dance, piano, voice, and self-defense.[123] The Centre is also home to the South Shore Dance Alliance, a "pre-professional"[124] contemporary dance company drawing members from throughout Northwest Indiana and performing throughout the Chicago area.[124]
Transportation
Miller Beach lies near the nexus of four major interstates: 65, 80, 90, and 94, although none of them pass directly through the neighborhood.
Surface highways traversing Miller Beach include U.S. 12, the earliest highway to serve the area.[126] U.S. 20 also passes along the community's southern edge. Highways 12 and 20 connect Miller to the interstates, downtown Gary, and nearby towns of Porter County such as Portage and Chesterton.[12] Additionally, Indiana State Road 51 has its northern terminus at U.S. 20, at Miller's the southern limit, and connect Miller Beach to communities south of the Little Calumet River, such as Lake Station and Hobart.[127]
The all-electric commuter trains of the NICTD South Shore Line stop at
Miller Beach is served by the Route 13 buses of the
A 2.0-mile bicycle trail, the Marquette Greenway, runs through National Lakeshore property from downtown Miller Beach to West Beach in Porter County.
Landmarks
Many of the notable sites in Miller Beach are located within its large lakefront park,
A bronze statue of the park's namesake, Father Jacques Marquette, stands at the park entrance. The statue was installed in 1931 when the park, formerly known as Lake Front Park, was rededicated under its current name. It was created by beaux-arts architectural sculptor Henry Hering, and has an ornate limestone base designed by the Walker and Weeks architectural firm. Restoration work on the statue began in October 2010.[134] The Marquette Park Pavilion, constructed in 1924 by Maher, stands immediately across from the statue.
The Pavilion sits on the south bank of the East Lagoon of the Grand Calumet River. The lagoon has been extensively landscaped in accordance with Jensen's park design. In the center of the lagoon stands a small man-made island, Patterson Island, built by the Works Progress Administration in the 1930s.[135] The island is connected to the shore by two footbridges: a suspension bridge on the north and a Japanese-style bridge on the south.
As of 2011, a US$28 million project to improve Marquette Park was underway, funded by a grant from the Northwest Indiana Regional Development Authority.[136] Begun in 2009, the project was the first capital improvement to Marquette Park since 1931.[19] In addition to Marquette Park itself, the project covers the entire lakefront of Miller Beach, including the Lake Street and Wells Street beaches, for a total of 241 acres.[135]
Two buildings in Miller Beach are on the
References
- ^ US Census Bureau (2000). "G001. GEOGRAPHIC IDENTIFIERS". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 20, 2011.
- ^ a b c d City of Gary 2008, p. 150.
- ^ a b US Census Bureau. "P1. TOTAL POPULATION". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 18, 2011.
- ^ Cazares, Ricardo (July 20, 2003). "Beauty in Gary". Chicago Tribune. p. 15.
- ^ a b Lane 1979, p. 46.
- ^ a b c d Erler, Susan (April 16, 2006). "It's Miller's time in Lake County". Times of Northwest Indiana.
- ^ Smith, S. & Mark, S. (2009). The Historical Roots of the Nature Conservancy in the Northwest Indiana/Chicagoland Region: From Science to Preservation. The South Shore Journal, 3. "South Shore Journal - the Historical Roots of the Nature Conservancy in the Northwest Indiana/Chicagoland Region: From Science to Preservation". Archived from the original on January 1, 2016. Retrieved November 22, 2015.
- ^ a b c d Lake IN Silverlight GIS website (Map). Lake County Surveyor.
- ^ a b City of Gary. "Visit Gary: Outdoors". Retrieved June 9, 2011.
- ^ "Art lovers take evening stroll in Miller - Post-Tribune". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on October 10, 2011. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e Pick, Grant (June 29, 1989). "Now comes Miller's time: An island of integration and natural beauty in Gary, Indiana". Chicago Reader.
- ^ a b City of Gary 2008, p. 149.
- ^ Greenberg, Joel. "A Naturalist's Tour of Southern Lake Michigan". Press.uchicago.edu. Retrieved June 21, 2011.
- ^ Cockrell 1988, p. 463.
- ^ Indiana Housing & Community Development Authority. "Project-Based Section 8 Developments". IN.gov. Retrieved June 22, 2011.
- ^ City of Gary, Parks Department. "Gibson Fields". Retrieved June 21, 2011.
- ^ National Park Service 1998, p. 32.
- ^ FWP 1939, p. 138.
- ^ a b Hitchcock Design Group (April 18, 2011). "First Quarter 2011 Report" (PDF). p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 8, 2011. Retrieved June 20, 2011.
- ^ Bogue 1985, p. 8.
- ^ Raffert 1996, p. 1.
- ^ Bogue 1985, p. 349.
- ^ Lane 1979, p. 10.
- ^ a b c d e f g Schoon 2003, p. 175.
- ^ a b Lane 1979, p. 6.
- ^ Lane 1979, p. 7.
- ^ FWP 1939, p. 14.
- ^ Lane 1979, p. 8.
- ^ a b Lane 1979, p. 11.
- ^ Lane 1979, p. 12.
- ^ a b Bowers, John O. (1929). "Dream Cities of The Calumet". History of Lake County. Vol. 10. pp. 174–198.
- ^ a b Bogue 1985, p. 353.
- ^ a b c Lane 1979, p. 13.
- ^ a b c d e Schoon 2003, p. 176.
- ^ Lane 1979, p. 16-17.
- ^ Lane 1979, p. 17.
- ^ McHugh 2007, p. 2.
- ^ Chanute, Octave (1897). "Recent experiments in gliding flight". The Aeronautical Annual: 30–53.
- ^ a b Madison, Michael (Fall 2000). "Into the Wild: Miller Woods". Chicago Wilderness. Archived from the original on July 20, 2011.
- ^ a b Moore 1959, p. 591.
- ^ a b Svengalis 2006, p. 357.
- ^ Moore 1959, p. 592.
- ^ Lane 1979, p. 45.
- ^ a b c Lane 1979, p. 107.
- ^ Schoon 2003, p. 156.
- ^ Gary Public Library. "Carter G. Woodson Branch". Archived from the original on March 25, 2012. Retrieved June 15, 2011.
- ^ a b c Lane 1979, p. 24.
- ^ Lane 1979, p. 287.
- ^ Adler 2001, p. 61.
- ^ a b Greer 1979, p. 26.
- ^ Hurley 1995, pp. 71.
- ^ Hurley 1995, pp. 71–72.
- ^ Hurley 1995, p. 73.
- ^ Engel 1986, p. 284.
- ^ Engel 1986, p. 283.
- ^ Miller Citizens Corporation (January 8, 2011). "Gary finances are shaky" (PDF). p. 1. Retrieved June 18, 2011.
- ^ State of Indiana, Office of the Governor. "Governor signs property tax relief and reform bill" (PDF). IN.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 10, 2011. Retrieved June 18, 2011.
- ^ Beauvoir 1993, p. 464.
- ^ Svengalis 2006, p. 342.
- ^ Catlin 1993, p. 29.
- ^ Svengalis 2006, p. 353.
- ^ Catlin 1993, p. 51.
- ^ Catlin 1993, p. 44.
- ^ Catlin 1993, p. 90.
- ^ Witter, David (May 19, 2009). "This Particular Patch: Nelson Algren's Indiana Getaway". Newcity Summer.
- ^ Beauvoir 1993, p. 460.
- ^ Catlin 1993, p. 108.
- ^ Lesko, Ron (August 7, 1994). "Miller's tale: Cozy neighborhood defies hard-baked images of Gary". Chicago Tribune. p. 6P.
- ^ Simon et al. 2000, p. 409.
- ^ Greenberg 2002, p. 154.
- ^ The Nature Conservancy. "Dune and Swale Fact Sheet" (PDF). Retrieved June 25, 2011.
- ^ Greenberg 2002, p. 149.
- ^ Brodman, Robert; Parrish, Michael; Kraus, Heidi; Cortwright, Spencer (2006). "Amphibian biodiversity recovery in a large-scale ecosystem restoration" (PDF). Herpetological Conservation and Biology. 1 (2): 101–108.
- ^ Stewart & Butcher 1997, p. 233.
- ^ Nevers et al. 1999, p. 6.
- ^ Nevers et al. 1999, p. 7.
- ^ a b Greenberg 2002, p. 243.
- ^ Nevers et al. 1999, p. 8.
- ^ Stewart & Butcher 1997, p. 234.
- ^ Swink & Wilhelm 1994, p. 428.
- ^ a b Russell, Joyce (September 19, 2010). "The region's national treasure". Times of Northwest Indiana.
- ^ City of Gary 2008, p. 74.
- ^ National Parks Conservation Association (2007). "Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore" (PDF). National Parks of the Great Lakes. p. 98. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 25, 2010. Retrieved June 20, 2011.
- ISBN 0-7835-4753-6.
- ^ Choi 1997, pp. 54–66.
- ^ Greenberg 2002, p. 249.
- ^ a b c Whitaker 1997, p. 186.
- ^ Calumet Environmental Research Center. "Restoration Sites in Northwest Indiana" (PDF). Retrieved July 4, 2011.
- ^ Whitaker 1997, p. 127.
- ^ Whitaker 1997, p. 129.
- ^ Whitaker 1997, p. 199.
- ^ a b Brock, Ken. "Miller Beach Birding Guide". Archived from the original on June 23, 2011. Retrieved June 22, 2011.
- ^ National Audubon Society, Inc. "Site description: Miller Beach / Marquette Park". Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved June 22, 2011.
- ^ National Audubon Society. "Site report: West Beach - Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore". Archived from the original on March 14, 2012. Retrieved June 22, 2011.
- ^ DNR 2010, p. 6.
- ^ Garza et al. 2002, p. 19.
- ^ Mierzwa et al. 1997, p. 132.
- ^ Mierzwa et al. 1997, pp. 132–133.
- ^ Garza et al. 2002, p. 13.
- ^ Hurley 1995, pp. 72–73.
- ^ Crisis Center, Inc. "History & Historical Time Line". Retrieved June 16, 2011.
- ^ Crisis Center, Inc. "Crisis Contact". Retrieved June 18, 2011.
- ^ Lane 1979, p. 19.
- ^ Catholic Diocese of Gary. "St. Mary of the Lake". Retrieved June 15, 2011.
- ^ Jewish Heritage Initiative, p. 1.
- ^ "Temple Israel organized in 1910". Post-Tribune. September 23, 1993. Archived from the original on November 6, 2012.
- ^ Miller Garden Club. "Miller Garden Club: Welcome". Retrieved June 19, 2011.
- ^ Ammeson, Jane (June 9, 2011). "Gardening for the Common Good". Times of Northwest Indiana.
- ^ Miller Historical Society (June 11, 2011). "The Shifting Sands". Archived from the original on March 25, 2012. Retrieved June 15, 2011.
- ^ Davich, Jerry (May 8, 2011). "Has NWI gay community given up on annual parade?". Post-Tribune. Archived from the original on March 24, 2012. Retrieved June 20, 2011.
- ^ City of Gary - Common Council Districts (Map). City of Gary. Archived from the original on January 17, 2011. Retrieved June 18, 2011.
- ^ a b City of Gary 2008, p. 119.
- ^ City of Gary 2008, p. 99.
- ^ a b "Gary IN 46403". Walkscore.com. Retrieved June 15, 2011.
- ^ "Restaurants". Miller Beach Pages. Retrieved June 18, 2011.
- ^ Skertic 2003, p. 82.
- ^ "Farmers' market expanded; meet new pastor". Gary Crusader. June 4, 2011.
- ^ Gary Community School Corporation. "School Directory". Archived from the original on September 26, 2011. Retrieved June 18, 2011.
- ^ Ball State University, Office of Charter School Research (2006). Indiana Charter School Student Demographics. p. 2.
- ^ "Catholic Diocese of Gary - Catholic Schools". Retrieved June 18, 2011.
- ^ The New York Times (December 13, 2010). "Bachelor's degree or higher: 46403". Mapping America. Retrieved June 19, 2011.
- ^ a b National Park Service. "Douglas Center for Environmental Education at Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore". Retrieved June 19, 2011.
- ^ South Shore Centre for the Arts. "Welcome to South Shore Centre for the Arts". Archived from the original on May 14, 2011. Retrieved June 15, 2011.
- ^ a b South Shore Dance Alliance. "South Shore Dance Alliance—Company and Studio". Archived from the original on June 27, 2011. Retrieved June 15, 2011.
- ^ Google (June 23, 2011). "Driving directions to Chicago, IL" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 23, 2011.
- ^ "The Dunes Highway". Chesterton Tribune. July 31, 1919.
- ^ Highway Explorer. "Indiana Highway Ends - SR 51". Archived from the original on October 7, 2011. Retrieved June 16, 2011.
- ^ a b Northern Indiana Commuter Transportation District (June 1, 2011). "Weekday Eastbound Schedule". Retrieved June 16, 2011.
- ^ a b Northern Indiana Commuter Transportation District (June 1, 2011). "Weekday Westbound Schedule". Retrieved June 16, 2011.
- ^ Gary Public Transportation Corporation (June 20, 2011). "13: Oak/Co. Line Via Aetna" (PDF). Retrieved June 23, 2011.
- ^ Northwest Indiana Regional Planning Commission. "Appendix A: Trail Inventory" (PDF). 2010 Ped and Pedal Plan. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 9, 2011. Retrieved June 23, 2011.
- ^ City of Gary, Parks Department. "Marquette Park". Retrieved June 23, 2011.
- ^ National Soaring Museum (July 27, 1996). "No.8 -- Marquette Park, Miller Beach, Gary, Indiana". The National Landmark of Soaring Program. Archived from the original on June 14, 2011. Retrieved June 23, 2011.
- ^ City of Gary (October 22, 2010). "Restoration of Father Marquette Statue To Commence on Monday" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 28, 2011. Retrieved June 25, 2011.
- ^ a b Hitchcock Design Group. "Marquette Park Lakefront East Master Plan: Executive Summary" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 28, 2011. Retrieved June 23, 2011.
- ^ Hitchcock Design Group. "Marquette Park Lakefront East Master Plan and Capital Improvements". Retrieved June 18, 2011.
- ^ a b "National Register of Historic Places: Indiana - Lake County". Archived from the original on May 6, 2002. Retrieved June 18, 2011.
- ^ a b c Chanute Aquatorium Society. "History of the Aquatorium". Retrieved June 25, 2011.
Works cited
- Adler, Jeffrey S. (2001). African-American mayors: race, politics, and the American city. ISBN 0-252-02634-9.
- Beauvoir, Simone de (1993). Letters to Sartre. Quintin Hoare translation. ISBN 1-55970-212-5.
- Bogue, Margaret Beattie (1985). Around the shores of Lake Michigan: a guide to historic sites. ISBN 0-299-10000-6.
- Brock, Kenneth J. (1999). "Birds of the Grand Calumet River basin". Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science. 108/109: 145–162. Archived from the original on March 23, 2012. Retrieved June 22, 2011.
- Catlin, Robert A. (1993). Racial politics and urban planning: Gary, Indiana, 1980-1989. ISBN 0-8131-1798-4.
- Choi, Young D. (1997). "Plants" (PDF). In Moy; Whitman (eds.). Status, Trends, and Potential of Biological Communities of the Grand Calumet River Basin. pp. 33–77.
- Cockrell, Ron (1988). A Signature of Time and Eternity: The Administrative History of Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, Indiana. Omaha, Nebraska: National Park Service.
- City of Gary (2008). City of Gary, Indiana Comprehensive Plan (PDF).
- Engel, Ronald (1986). Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the Indiana Dunes. ISBN 0-8195-6129-0.
- ISBN 9780404579210.
- Garza, Eric L.; Nevers, Meredith B.; Whitman, Richard L. (2002). Ecological Characterization of Long Lake, Porter and Lake Counties, Indiana (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 30, 2011. Retrieved June 20, 2011.
- Greenberg, Joel R. (2002). A natural history of the Chicago Region. ISBN 0-226-30648-8.
- Greer, Edward (1979). Big steel: Black politics and corporate power in Gary, Indiana. ISBN 0-85345-490-6.
- Hurley, Andrew (1995). Environmental Inequalities: Class, Race, and Industrial Pollution in Gary, Indiana, 1945-1980. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 9780807845189.
- Indiana Department of Natural Resources (June 1, 2010). "County: Lake" (PDF). Indiana County Endangered, Threatened and Rare Species List.
- Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water (1994). Unconsolidated Aquifer Systems of Lake County, Indiana (PDF).
- Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Jewish Heritage Initiative (n.d.). "Lake County History" (PDF). Retrieved June 16, 2011.
- Lane, James B. (1979). City of the century: a history of Gary, Indiana. ISBN 0-253-11187-0.
- Lane, James B.; Cohen, Ronald (1983). Gary, Indiana: A Pictorial History. ISBN 1-57864-210-8.
- McHugh, Paula (April 12, 2007). "Visiting Miller Beach's History" (PDF). The Beacher. Vol. 23, no. 14. pp. 1–4.
- Middleton, William D. (1970). South Shore: The Last Interurban. ISBN 0-87095-003-7.
- Mierzwa, Kenneth S.; Cortwright, Spencer A.; Beamer, David (1997). "Amphibians and Reptiles" (PDF). In Moy; Whitman (eds.). Status, Trends, and Potential of Biological Communities of the Grand Calumet River Basin. pp. 138–160.
- Moore, Powell (1959). The Calumet Region: Indiana's Last Frontier.
- Nevers, Meredith Becker; Whitman, Richard L.; Gerovac, Paul J. (1999). "History and environmental setting of the Grand Calumet River". Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science: 3–10. Archived from the original on February 2, 2015.
- Raffert, Stewart (1996). The Miami Indians of Indiana. ISBN 0-87195-132-0.
- Schoon, Kenneth J. (2003). Calumet Beginnings. ISBN 978-0-253-34218-8.
- Simon, Thomas P.; Moy, Philip B. (1997). "Fishes" (PDF). In Moy; Whitman (eds.). Status, Trends, and Potential of Biological Communities of the Grand Calumet River Basin. pp. 113–137.
- Simon, T.P.; Jankowski, R.; Morris, C. (2000). "Modification of an index of biotic integrity for assessing vernal ponds and small palustrine wetlands using fish, crayfish, and amphibian assemblages along southern Lake Michigan" (PDF). Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management. 3 (3): 407–418. S2CID 218638034.
- Skertic, Mark (2003). A Native's Guide to Northwest Indiana. ISBN 1-893121-08-9.
- Stewart, Paul M.; Butcher, Jason T. (1997). "Grand Calumet Lagoons" (PDF). In Moy; Whitman (eds.). Status, Trends, and Potential of Biological Communities of the Grand Calumet River Basin. pp. 230–260.
- Svengalis, Kendall F. (2006). Gary, Indiana: A Centennial Celebration. ISBN 978-0-9767864-4-3.
- Swink, Floyd; Wilhelm, Gerould (1994). Plants of the Chicago region. ISBN 1-883362-01-6.
- Turner, Glenda (1984). Dune country: A hiker's guide to the Indiana Dunes. ISBN 978-0-8040-0854-9.
- Whitaker, John O. (1997). "Mammals" (PDF). In Moy; Whitman (eds.). Status, Trends, and Potential of Biological Communities of the Grand Calumet River Basin. pp. 194–229.
- Whitaker, John O. (2010). Mammals of Indiana: A Field Guide. ISBN 978-0-253-22213-8.