Min Chiu Li

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Min Chiu Li
李敏求
Nassau Hospital

Min Chiu Li (

malignant cancer.[3]

Early life and education

Born in

obstetrician in the laboratory of Roy Hertz at the National Cancer Institute (NCI). Li took the job primarily to avoid being drafted into the US military during the Korean War, but became obsessed with finding a cancer cure after watching patients die in terrible pain from choriocarcinoma, a cancer of the placenta.[5]

Cancer research

Li began to treat his choriocarcinoma patients with an

folic acid into children with leukemia accelerated the progress of the disease. Farber hypothesized that leukemia could be treated with a folate antagonist, a drug with a molecular structure similar to that of folic acid which would bind to the folate receptors in cancer cells, preventing them from receiving the folic acid they needed. Farber was able to use a drug of this type, aminopterin, to achieve a temporary remission in childhood leukemia. In the early 1950s, Jane C. Wright used methotrexate, a less toxic drug of the same type, to treat breast cancer
.

Between 1953 and 1955, while still at Sloan Kettering, Li and his colleagues experimented with using methotrexate as a cancer treatment. Although they were unable to demonstrate any improvement in patient health, the team made one important finding: When patients were being treated with methotrexate, urine levels of the hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) dropped steadily. Li hypothesized that the patients' tumors were secreting hCG, and as a result, that the level of hCG in a patient's urine could be used to measure the effectiveness of a particular treatment.[4]

In 1955, after moving to the National Cancer Institute, Li had the opportunity to test his hypotheses. Li's first patient was the 24-year-old wife of a U.S. Navy dental technician. A lesion in one of her lungs had ruptured, filling her

pharmacologist Paul Condit, Li administered a single 10 mg dose of methotrexate. Defying expectations, the patient survived through the next day, at which point Li administered a 50 mg dose. Over the next several days, Li noted slight improvements in the patient's hCG levels, but they soon climbed again. Concluding that the 50 mg dose of methotrexate had provided some temporary benefits, Li decided to try four daily doses of 25 mg. The patient improved enough that within three weeks she was able to sit up in a chair. Li repeated the regimen of daily doses and, although she had several complications brought on by the toxicity of the drugs, including leukopenia, diarrhea and stomatitis, the patient continued to improve. Within four months she was "normal without evidence of disease."[4]

Li treated two additional patients with choriocarcinoma that had metastasized to the lungs and achieved similar results: complete remission within four months. During his work with these three patients Li tried varying the amount of methotrexate given to the patients and the frequency of the doses. He concluded that a dose of 100–125 mg given every day for four or five days was more effective than a single, larger dose.[4]

Li and his colleagues found that methotrexate eliminated the visible tumors in patients whose choriocarcinoma had metastasized. However, Li noted that the patients' blood tests continued to show an elevated level of hCG. Although the patients did not exhibit what doctors traditionally considered "clinical evidence of cancer",[2] such as tumors, Li continued to treat them with chemotherapy based on their elevated hCG levels. The National Cancer Institute administration disapproved, feeling that by continuing treatment Li was experimenting on his patients and unnecessarily poisoning them with the chemotherapy drug. In 1957, the NCI fired Li and he returned to Sloan Kettering.[6]

Li and Roy Hertz, his colleague at the National Cancer Institute

However, Li was ultimately vindicated. Those patients whose methotrexate treatment was stopped once the visible tumors disappeared inevitably relapsed, while the patients who continued to be treated until their hCG levels returned to normal were cured.

Emil Freireich described Li's insight, that cancer was likely to recur in patients if a chemical tumor marker was found, as an "extraordinarily important new principle in cancer treatment".[2] Before the work of Li and his colleagues, 90% of women who developed choriocarcinoma died within a year.[7] Today, with chemotherapy, choriocarcinoma can be cured in almost every case without surgery.[2]

Li made several subsequent contributions to cancer research. In 1960, he demonstrated that metastatic

Loma Linda University School of Medicine.[4]

Recognition

Li received the

National Science Council.[2]

References

Citations

  1. ^ Li 2003, p. 20.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Freireich 2002.
  3. ^ a b Mukherjee 2011, p. 140.
  4. ^ a b c d e Li 1979.
  5. ^ Mukherjee 2011, pp. 135–6.
  6. ^ Mukherjee 2011, p. 139.
  7. ^ a b Brody 1972.

Sources

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