Monza ampullae
The Monza ampullae form the largest collection of a specific type of Early Medieval
The second largest group was discovered in a burial at
The ampullae are cast in various metals, including silver (perhaps "silvered" would be more accurate),[6] tin and lead, and are mainly of interest because of the images they carry, which come from a period which has left very few traces in art, and was of crucial importance in establishing the iconography of many Christian subjects.[7] They are also believed to represent buildings and shrines found in Jerusalem in the sixth and early seventh centuries, giving important evidence as to the early appearance of these.[8] They were brought back from the Holy Land filled with oil which had been used in lamps burning before important pilgrimage shrines.[9] Despite their ending up in the heart of the institutional church under royal patronage, the ampullae were made as mass-produced souvenirs, probably relatively inexpensive, whose designs reflect the experiences and concerns of pilgrims as well as those of the church.
General description
The ampullae are round when seen from the front, with a flattened body giving convex faces and a small neck, often with a fitting round the neck for a chain or cord by which they could be suspended, or perhaps worn. There are records of similar blessed objects, or eulogia, being hung on the bedpost for protection from demons at night,[10] and the oil, or just the relic, was believed to be able to heal the sick when applied to them.[11] Often there is a strip in a different metal running round the edge of the faces and up the sides of the neck, with little rings for a suspension cord. In the Monza examples these strips are secured by wire wound rather untidily round the neck. A diameter for the main body of about 5–7 cm is typical, and in a side view the body swells to a maximum thickness of about 3 cm. Those at Monza are in generally good condition, but those from Bobbio and other examples such as the one at Dumbarton Oaks are flattened and damaged; they are now mostly black in colour.[12]
Despite their small size, the images are typically crowded multi-figure compositions, sometimes with extensive depiction of architectural elements, and somewhat crude in execution. They appear in low relief, typically occupying all the space of the faces on both sides of the ampulla, though some have figureless decoration, usually centred on a cross, on the reverse face. There are often inscriptions and tituli in medieval Greek, many running round the outside of a face, or dividing an upper scene from a lower one. A smaller scene may occupy the lower part of a face, or scenes may appear in small roundels grouped across the overall design.[13]
Subjects
Subjects were linked with the most famous pilgrimage sites of the Holy Land, and especially Jerusalem, where the Church of the Holy Sepulchre contained both the greater part of the True Cross and the Tomb of Christ,[14] as well as an altar dedicated to the Adoration of the Magi.[15] Common subjects, which account for the great majority of the designs, are:
- The Life of Christ summarized in a number of scenes.[16]
- The Church of the Nativity, Bethlehem.[17]
- The Baptism of Christ
- The Adoration of the Cross. The two thieves are often shown on their crosses even when Christ's central cross has no corpus, as in the Dumbarton Oaks example.
- Jesus and Doubting Thomas;[19] since these seem to have been sold at Jerusalem, not where the biblical episode was located in tradition, it seems these suggested a link between the experience of Thomas, who doubted until he saw and touched the physical evidence of Christ's wounds, and that of the pilgrim, whose faith was also reinforced by the sight of, and physical contact with, the scenes and relics of Christ's life.[20]
- The Constantine I within the Church of the Holy Sepulchre on what was believed to be the appropriate spot. This is now covered or replaced by later accretions, and its 6th-century appearance is only known from such representations.[22] Typically, two women approach from the left of the tomb, while an angel sits to its right. One of the women, perhaps to be identified as Mary Magdalene, often seems to be carrying a censer, suggesting to scholars a reflection of the contemporary rituals performed at the tomb. The door or lid of the tomb, which has been pushed aside by the angel to allow Christ to exit (following Mt 28:1–7) may be represented by a lozenge shape, as in the mosaic at right, apparently reflecting the contemporary display in the aedicula.[23]
- The Ascension of Jesus, usually with the Pentecost below.[24]
- Saints, typically on the reverse side, with a obverse.[25]
Fourteen of the Monza and Bobbio ampullae combine on one face Crucifixions above the Women at the empty tomb, which are also on the two faces in other examples.
Context and style
The ampullae join other small-scale Christian works of art from this period, from which almost no major works have survived, and very few manuscript illuminations. These include
Most of these pieces, in the words of John Beckwith, "rate as works of art little more than a hot cross bun".[33] However few of these works have images with the complexity of those on the ampullae. There is a small wooden box in the Vatican Museums containing earth and rocks from the Holy Land, some tied up in cloth and labelled with their site of origin. The inside of the top cover has five painted scenes from the New Testament relating to the main sites, or sights, on the pilgrimage route, in similar style to the ampullae, and believed to be made in Palestine in around 600.[34]
It was long thought that the ampullae reflected the style of art of Palestine itself, and as such they became involved in the intense scholarly debate over "Oriental" influences on Early Medieval art, which preoccupied scholars of the subject in the early decades of the 20th century, and for which the style of
With the exception of the somewhat variant example from Sant Pere de Casseres (see below), which may be later, it is usually assumed that all the Monza-type ampullae predate the Persian sack, and probably come from the late sixth century, a few years before Theodelinda's reign. After a nearly complete gap of three centuries or so, different styles of pilgrimage souvenirs begin to appear from the 10th century, reflecting rather different pilgrimage experiences and customs.
Queen Theodelinda's gift
The collection in the treasury was famous, and later augmented by other royal gifts. It was taken to
Locations
Apart from the collections at Monza and Bobbio, other examples include two owned by the
A single example was found in 1952 at the monastery church of Sant Pere de Casseres, near
Notes
- ^ "datable more or less between 500 and 650" says Vikan (1998), 241, but ranges vary with authors.
- ^ Beckwith, 57–59
- ^ Beckwith, 57–59
- ^ There are perhaps 36 from Monza, at least 10 from Bobbio (some are fragments), three in Germany and two in the US, plus an example from Catalonia that probably falls rather outside the date range of the others—see locations section below.
- ^ Comparable ampulla of St Sergius from Syria, Walters Art Museum, Baltimore (illustrated, right).
- ^ Descriptions of the metals used vary widely.
- ^ Leroy, 320–321
- ^ Hackel, 177
- ^ Milburn, 264; Beckwith 57–60, and many other of the references
- ^ Vikan (1982), 12
- ^ Vikan (1998), 235
- ^ Dumbarton Oaks Catalogue of the Byzantine and Early Mediaeval Antiquities contains a detailed catalogue description of a single example.
- ^ Beckwith, 57–59; Dumbarton Oaks. A good illustration of a typical example is at the Egeria website
- ^ Vikan (1998), 241
- ^ Milburn, 264
- ^ Monza no. 2, silver, with seven scenes on one side. Schiller I, 26 and fig. 55
- ^ Monza no.1, silver and no.3. See Schiller I, 104 & fig. 258 and Milburn, 264. Beckwith, 57 has an illustration. Though the link with the mosaic remains a common view, Vikan (1998), (p. 241 and elsewhere) discounts such precise derivations, ? perhaps following Grabar.
- ^ Monza nos. 6, 10, 13, Dumbarton Oaks image, and others. Schiller II, 90 and fig. 324; Monza no. 6 is fig 21 here Archived 2012-03-12 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Monza no. 9, Bobbio no. 10, see Leroy, 322; Milburn, 264
- ^ Vikan (1982), 24–25
- ^ Monza nos. 10 and 11 both have a Crucifixion and Resurrection on one side, and an Ascension on the reverse. Noga-Banai, 104
- ^ Milburn, 264. See also the Dumbarton Oaks and Schiller examples, and Monza no. 6 - image fi. 21 here Archived 2012-03-12 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ as in Monza no. 5, see King
- ^ Milburn, 264. See also the Resurrection note above.
- ^ Milburn, 264
- ^ Dumbarton Oaks
- ^ Vikan (1998), 247–248; Milburn, 264
- ^ Pitarakis, 159
- ^ e.g. Dumbarton Oaks
- ^ Peers, 41–42; Vikan (1982), 24–25; Wharton, 26–27; Hackel, 177
- ^ Vikan (1982), 16
- ^ Vikan (1982): on earth, 12, on water, 15, on a clay token at Bobbio, 17
- ^ Beckwith, 57
- ^ Vikan (1982), 18–20; Beckwith, 60; good image fig. 22 of this thesis Archived 2012-03-12 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Leroy
- ^ See for example Beckwith, 59
- ^ Vikan (1982), 39–40
- ^ Leroy, 320. They were first published in 1794 by Frisi.
- ^ Elsner, 98
- ^ Compare Burrus, 109 and Elsner, 98. The mentions in other works cited here give further variations.
- ^ Letters of Gregory the Great, 701, note f
- ^ Dumbarton Oaks
- ^ Pilgrim Flask, The Cleveland Museum of Art
- ^ Arad, 59–60
- ^ Arad suggests the 8th to 10th centuries
Sources
- Arad, Lily. The Holy Land Ampulla of Sant Per de Cassarres, Miscellània Litúrgica Catalana, 15, 2007
- Beckwith, John. Early Christian and Byzantine Art, Penguin History of Art (now Yale), 2nd edn. 1979, ISBN 0-14-056033-5
- Burrus, Virginia. Late ancient Christianity, Fortress Press, 2005, ISBN 978-0-8006-3412-4
- Dumbarton Oaks. Catalogue of the Byzantine and Early Mediaeval Antiquities in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection, Volume 1, Metalwork, Ceramics, Glass, Glyptics, Paintings by Marvin C. Ross, Dumbarton Oaks, 1962, ISBN 978-0-88402-009-7
- ISBN 978-0-521-03011-3
- Hackel, Sergei. The Byzantine Saint, St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 2001, ISBN 978-0-88141-202-4
- Hahn, Cynthia. The Meaning of Early Medieval Treasuries, in Reliquiare im Mittelalter, Volume 5 of Hamburger Forschungen zur Kunstgeschichte, eds. Bruno Reudenbach, Gia Toussaint, Akademie Verlag, 2005, ISBN 3-05-004134-X, 9783050041346
- King, Mike. Diamonds are Forever, 2001, Lecale Miscellany, 19. Web version from Down County Museum, accessed May 13, 2010
- (in Latin), Volume 77, 1849
- Leroy, Jules, Review of André Grabar Les Ampoules de Terre Sainte, Syria. Archéologie, Art et Histoire, Vol 36, 1959 (in French)
- Milburn, Robert. Early Christian Art and Architecture, University of California Press, 1988, ISBN 978-0-520-06326-6
- Peers, Glen, Sacred Shock: Framing Visual Experience in Byzantium, Penn State Press, 2004, ISBN 978-0-271-02470-7
- Pitarakis, Brigitte, in Maria Vasilakē (ed), Images of the Mother of God: Perceptions of the Theotokos in Byzantium, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2005, ISBN 978-0-7546-3603-8
- Schiller, Gertud. Iconography of Christian Art, Vol. I, 1971, Vol. II, 1972 (English trans from German), Lund Humphries, London, ISBN 0-85331-270-2(I), 0853313245 (II)
- "Vikan (1982)": Vikan, Gary. Byzantine Pilgrimage Art, Issue 5 of Byzantine Collection Publications, Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University, 1982
- "Vikan (1998)": Vikan, Gary. Byzantine Pilgrimage Art, in Safran, Linda (ed). Heaven on Earth: art and the Church in Byzantium, Penn State Press, 1998, ISBN 978-0-271-01670-2
- Wharton, Annabel Jane. Selling Jerusalem: Relics, Replicas, Theme Parks, University of Chicago Press, 2006, ISBN 978-0-226-89422-5
Further reading
- Barag, D. and Wilkinson J., The Monza-Bobbio Flasks and the Holy Sepulchre, Levant 6, 1974
- Delehaye, H., Les ampoules et les medaillons de Bobbio, Journal des savants, Paris, 1929
- Grabar, André (1896–1990). Ampoules de Terre Sainte (Monza, Bobbio), Paris, C. Klincksieck, 1958. Now the standard monograph, with 61 photographs and 70 pages of commentary. (See Leroy review in references)
- ISBN 9780870991790; full text available online from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries
- Weitzmann, Kurt. Loca sancta and the Representational Arts of Palestine, Dumbarton Oaks Papers 28, 1974