Milan

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Coordinates: 45°28′01″N 09°11′24″E / 45.46694°N 9.19000°E / 45.46694; 9.19000
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Milan
Milano (
San Carlo al Corso
UTC+2 (CEST)
Area code0039 02
Websitewww.comune.milano.it
Map
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Milan

Milanese: [miˈlãː] ⓘ; Italian: Milano, Italian: [miˈlaːno] ⓘ)[6] is a city in northern Italy, regional capital of Lombardy, and the second-most-populous city proper in Italy after Rome. The city proper has a population of about 1.4 million,[7] while its metropolitan city has 3.22 million residents.[8] The urban area of Milan is the fourth largest in the EU with 5.27 million inhabitants.[9] According to national sources, the population within the wider Milan metropolitan area (also known as Greater Milan) is estimated between 4.9 million and 7.4 million, making it by far the largest metropolitan area in Italy and one of the largest in the EU.[10][11] Milan is the economic capital of Italy, one of the economic capitals of Europe and a global financial centre.[12][13]

Milan is a leading alpha global city,[14] with strengths in the fields of art, chemicals,[15] commerce, design, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media (communication), services, research and tourism. Its business district hosts Italy's stock exchange (Italian: Borsa Italiana), and the headquarters of national and international banks and companies. In terms of GDP, Milan is the wealthiest city in Italy, has the third-largest economy among EU cities after Paris and Madrid, and is the wealthiest among EU non-capital cities.[16][17][18] Milan is viewed along with Turin as the southernmost part of the Blue Banana urban development corridor (also known as the "European Megalopolis"), and one of the Four Motors for Europe. Milan is one of the international tourism destinations, appearing among the most visited cities in the world, ranking second in Italy after Rome, fifth in Europe and sixteenth in the world.[19][20] Milan is a major cultural centre, with museums and art galleries that include some of the most important collections in the world, such as major works by Leonardo da Vinci.[21][22] It also hosts numerous educational institutions, academies and universities, with 11% of the national total of enrolled students.[23][24]

Founded around 590 BC[25] under the name Medhelanon[26] by a Celtic tribe belonging to the Insubres group and belonging to the Golasecca culture, it was conquered by the ancient Romans in 222 BC, who latinized the name of the city into Mediolanum. The city's role as a major political centre dates back to the late antiquity, when it served as the capital of the Western Roman Empire.[27] From the 12th century until the 16th century, Milan was one of the largest European cities and a major trade and commercial centre; consequently, it became the capital of the Duchy of Milan, one of the greatest political, artistic and fashion forces in the Renaissance.[28][29] Having become one of the main centres of the Italian Enlightenment during the early modern period, the city subsequently became the industrial and financial capital of modern Italy.[30][31] Capital of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy, after the Restoration it was among the most active centres of the Risorgimento, until its entry into the unified Kingdom of Italy.

Milan has been recognized as one of the world's four fashion capitals.[32] Many of the most famous luxury fashion brands in the world have their headquarters in the city, including: Armani, Prada, Versace, Moschino, Valentino and Zegna.[33][34] It also hosts several international events and fairs, including Milan Fashion Week and the Milan Furniture Fair, which are among the world's biggest in terms of revenue, visitors and growth.[35][36][37] The city is served by many luxury hotels and is the fifth most starred in the world by Michelin Guide.[38] It hosted the Universal Exposition in 1906 and 2015. In the field of sports, Milan is home to two of Europe's most successful football teams, AC Milan and Inter Milan, and one of Europe's main basketball teams, Olimpia Milano. Milan will host the Winter Olympic and Paralympic games for the first time in 2026, together with Cortina d'Ampezzo.[39][40][41]

Toponymy

Bas-relief sculpted on the Palazzo della Ragione of the scrofa semilanuta ("half-woolly sow") from which, according to tradition, the city's toponym derives

The etymology of the name Milan (Lombard: Milan [miˈlãː]) remains uncertain. One theory holds that the Latin name Mediolanum comes from the Latin words medio (in the middle) and planus (plain).[42] However, some scholars believe that lanum comes from the Celtic root lan, meaning an enclosure or demarcated territory (source of the Welsh word llan, meaning "a sanctuary or church", ultimately cognate to English/German Land) in which Celtic communities used to build shrines.[43]

Hence Mediolanum could signify the central town or sanctuary of a Celtic tribe. Indeed, about sixty Gallo-Roman sites in France bore the name "Mediolanum", for example: Saintes (Mediolanum Santonum) and Évreux (Mediolanum Aulercorum).[44] In addition, another theory links the name to the scrofa semilanuta ("half-woolly sow") an ancient emblem of the city, fancifully accounted for in Andrea Alciato's Emblemata (1584), beneath a woodcut of the first raising of the city walls, where a boar is seen lifted from the excavation, and the etymology of Mediolanum given as "half-wool",[45] explained in Latin and in French.

According to this theory, the foundation of Milan is credited to two Celtic peoples, the Bituriges and the Aedui, having as their emblems a ram and a boar;[46] therefore "The city's symbol is a wool-bearing boar, an animal of double form, here with sharp bristles, there with sleek wool."[47] Alciato credits Ambrose for his account.[48]

History

Main article: History of Milan
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Milan.

Celtic era and Roman times

Main article: Mediolanum
Roman ruins in Milan: the Columns of San Lorenzo
The remains of the Milan amphitheatre, which can be found inside the archaeological park of the Antiquarium in Milan

A Celtic tribe belonging to the Insubres group and belonging to the Golasecca culture founded a settlement around 590 BC under the name Medhelanon[26][25] According to the legend reported by Livy (writing between 27 and 9 BC), the Gaulish king Ambicatus sent his nephew Bellovesus into northern Italy at the head of a party drawn from various Gaulish tribes; Bellovesus allegedly founded the settlement in the times of the Roman monarchy, during the reign of Tarquinius Priscus. Tarquin is traditionally recorded as reigning from 616 to 579 BC, according to ancient Roman historian Titus Livy.[49]

During the

Latin: Gallia Cisalpina)—"Gaul this side of the Alps"—and may have given the city its Latinized name of Mediolanum: in Gaulish *medio- meant "middle, centre" and the name element -lanon is the Celtic equivalent of Latin -planum "plain", thus *Mediolanon (Latinized as Mediolānum) meant "(settlement) in the midst of the plain".[51][52]

In 286, the Roman Emperor Diocletian moved the capital of the Western Roman Empire from Rome to Mediolanum.[53] Diocletian himself chose to reside at Nicomedia in the Eastern Empire, leaving his colleague Maximian at Milan.

Ruins of the Emperor's palace in Milan. Here Constantine and Licinius issued the Edict of Milan.

Maximian built several gigantic monuments: the large circus (470 × 85 metres), the thermae or Baths of Hercules, a large complex of imperial palaces and other services and buildings of which few visible traces remain. Maximian increased the city area to 375 acres by surrounding it with a new, larger stone wall (about 4.5 km long) with many 24-sided towers. The monumental area had twin towers; the one included later in the construction of the convent of San Maurizio Maggiore remains 16.6 m high.

The Emperor Constantine issued the Edict of Milan from Mediolanum in 313 AD, granting tolerance to all religions within the Empire, thus paving the way for Christianity to become the dominant religion of Roman Europe. Constantine was in Mediolanum to celebrate the wedding of his sister to the Eastern Emperor, Licinius.

In 402, the Visigoths besieged the city and the Emperor Honorius moved the Imperial residence to Ravenna.[54] In 452 Attila in his turn besieged Mediolanum, but the real break with the city's Imperial past came in 539, during the Gothic War, when Uraia (a nephew of Witiges, formerly King of the Italian Ostrogoths) laid Mediolanum to waste with great loss of life.[55] The Lombards took Ticinum as their capital in 572 (renaming it Papia – the modern Pavia), and left early-medieval Milan to the governance of its archbishops.

Middle Ages

Medieval Porta Ticinese
(12th century) is one of the three medieval gates of the city that still exist in the modern Milan.
Piazza Mercanti used to be the heart of the city in the Middle Ages

After the siege of the city by the Visigoths in 402, the imperial residence moved to Ravenna. Attila, King of the Huns, sacked and devastated the city in 452 AD. In 539 the Ostrogoths conquered and destroyed Milan during the Gothic War against Byzantine Emperor Justinian I. In the summer of 569 the Lombards (from whom the name of the Italian region Lombardy derives), conquered Milan, overpowering the small Byzantine garrison left for its defence. Some Roman structures remained in use in Milan under Lombard rule.[56] Milan surrendered to Charlemagne and the Franks in 774.

The 11th century saw a reaction against the control of the

Frederick I Barbarossa for help. In a sally they captured Empress Beatrice and forced her to ride a donkey backwards through the city until getting out. These brought the destruction of much of Milan in 1162.[58][59]

A period of peace followed and Milan prospered as a centre of trade due to its geographical position. During this time, the city was considered one of the largest European cities.[28]

In 1395,

Wenceslaus, King of the Romans. In 1447 Filippo Maria Visconti, Duke of Milan, died without a male heir; following the end of the Visconti line, the Ambrosian Republic was established; it took its name from St. Ambrose, the popular patron saint of the city.[60] Both the Guelph and the Ghibelline factions worked together to bring about the Ambrosian Republic in Milan. Nonetheless, the Republic collapsed when, in 1450, Milan was conquered by Francesco I of the House of Sforza, which made Milan one of the leading cities of the Italian Renaissance.[60][61]

Early modern

Spanish walls of Milan
Milan during the plague of 1630: plague carts carry the dead for burial.

Milan's last independent ruler,

Habsburg Spain.[62]

Ceremonial reception of Russian Field Marshal Alexander Suvorov in Milan, April 1799

In 1556, Charles V abdicated in favour of his son

Great Plague of Milan in 1629–31, that claimed the lives of an estimated 60,000 people out of a population of 130,000, caused unprecedented devastation in the city and was effectively described by Alessandro Manzoni in his masterpiece The Betrothed. This episode was seen by many as the symbol of Spanish bad rule and decadence and is considered one of the last outbreaks of the centuries-long pandemic of plague that began with the Black Death.[63]

In 1700, the Spanish line of Habsburgs was extinguished with the death of

Utrecht and Rastatt formally confirmed Austrian sovereignty over most of Habsburg Spain's Italian possessions including Lombardy and its capital, Milan. Napoleon invaded Italy in 1796, and Milan was declared capital of the Cisalpine Republic. Later, he declared Milan capital of the Kingdom of Italy and was crowned King of Italy in the cathedral. Once Napoleon's occupation ended, the Congress of Vienna returned Lombardy and Milan, to Austrian control in 1815.[64]

Late modern and contemporary

Popular print depicting the "Five Days of Milan" (18–22 March 1848) uprising against Austrian rule

On 18 March 1848, Milan efficaciously rebelled against Austrian rule, during the so-called "

plebiscite that ratified by a huge majority the unification of Lombardy with Piedmont-Sardinia. But just a few months later the Austrians were able to send fresh forces that routed the Piedmontese army at the Battle of Custoza on 24 July and to reassert Austrian control over northern Italy. About ten years later, however, Italian nationalist politicians, officers and intellectuals such as Cavour, Garibaldi and Mazzini were able to gather a huge consensus and to pressure the monarchy to forge an alliance with the new French Empire of Napoleon III in order to defeat Austria and establish a large Italian state in the region. At the Battle of Solferino in 1859 French and Italian troops heavily defeated the Austrians that retreated under the Quadrilateral line.[65] Following this battle, Milan and the rest of Lombardy were incorporated into Piedmont-Sardinia, which then proceeded to annex all the other Italian statlets and proclaim the birth of the Kingdom of Italy
on 17 March 1861.

The political

Gotthard (1882) and Simplon (1906) railway tunnels, the major South European rail hub for goods and passenger transport. Indeed, Milan and Venice were among the main stops of the Orient Express that started operating from 1919.[66] Abundant hydroelectric resources allowed the development of a strong steel and textile sector and, as Milanese banks dominated Italy's financial sphere, the city became the country's leading financial centre. In May 1898, Milan was shaken by the Bava Beccaris massacre, a riot related to soaring cost of living.[67]

Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II destroyed by Allied bombings, 1943

Milan's northern location in Italy closer to Europe, secured also a leading role for the city on the political scene. It was in Milan that

surrendered in 1943, German forces occupied and plundered most of northern Italy, fueling the birth of a massive resistance guerrilla movement.[69] On 29 April 1945, the American 1st Armored Division was advancing on Milan but, before it arrived, the Italian resistance seized control of the city and executed Mussolini along with his mistress and several regime officers, that were later hanged and exposed in Piazzale Loreto
, where one year before some resistance members had been executed.

During the post-war economic boom, the reconstruction effort and the so-called Italian economic miracle attracted a large wave of internal migration (especially from rural areas of

political terrorism. The apex of this period of turmoil occurred on 12 December 1969, when a bomb
exploded at the National Agrarian Bank in Piazza Fontana, killing 17 people and injuring 88.

Expo 2015, which took place in Milan

In the 1980s, with the international success of Milanese houses (like

Tangentopoli, a political scandal in which many politicians and businessmen were tried for corruption. The city was also affected by a severe financial crisis and a steady decline in textiles, automobile and steel production.[71]
Berlusconi's Milano 2 and Milano 3 projects were the most important housing projects of the 1980s and 1990s in Milan and brought to the city new economical and social energy.

In the early 21st century, Milan underwent a series of sweeping redevelopments over huge former industrial areas.

2015 Expo and 2026 Winter Olympics
.

Geography

Topography

Satellite picture of Milan
Navigli in Milan by night

Milan is located in the north-western section of the

above sea level
.

The administrative comune covers an area of about 181 square kilometres (70 sq mi), with a population, in 2013, of 1,324,169 and a population density of 7,315 inhabitants per square kilometre (18,950/sq mi). The Metropolitan City of Milan covers 1,575 square kilometres (608 sq mi) and in 2015 had a population estimated at 3,196,825, with a resulting density of 2,029 inhabitants per square kilometre (5,260/sq mi).[77] A larger urban area, comprising parts of the provinces of Milan, Monza e Brianza, Como, Lecco and Varese is 1,891 square kilometres (730 sq mi) wide and has a population of 5.27 million with a density of 2,783 inhabitants per square kilometre (7,210/sq mi).[9]

The concentric layout of the city centre reflects the Navigli, an ancient system of navigable and interconnected canals, now mostly covered.[78] The suburbs of the city have expanded mainly to the north, swallowing up many comuni along the roads towards Varese, Como, Lecco and Bergamo.[79] In the 21st century the Navigli region of Milan is a highly active area with a large number of residential units, bars and restaurants. It is also a well-known centre for artists.[80]

Climate

The cloister of Santa Maria delle Grazie in the spring of 2010

Milan features a mid-latitude, four-season humid subtropical climate (Cfa), according to the Köppen climate classification. Milan's climate is similar to much of Northern Italy's inland plains, with hot, humid summers and cold, foggy winters. The Alps and Apennine Mountains form a natural barrier that protects the city from the major circulations coming from northern Europe and the sea.[81]

During winter, daily average temperatures can fall below freezing (0 °C [32 °F]) and accumulations of snow can occur: the historic average of Milan's area is 25 centimetres (10 in) in the period between 1961 and 1990, with a record of 90 centimetres (35 in) in January 1985. In the suburbs the average can reach 36 centimetres (14 in).[82] The city receives on average seven days of snow per year.[83]

The city was often shrouded in thick cloud or fog during winter, although the removal of rice paddies from the southern neighbourhoods and the

cold air clings to the soil, causing Milan to be one of Europe's most polluted cities.[85][86]

Total monthly precipitation in Milan from 1940 to 2023. Data from open-meteo.com

Summers in Milan are hot and humidity levels are high with peak temperatures reaching above 35 °C (95 °F). Due to the high humidity, urban heat effect and lack of wind, nighttimes often remain muggy during the summer months.[87] Usually the summer enjoys clearer skies with an average of more than 13 hours of daylight:[88] when precipitation occurs though, it is more likely to be accompanied by thunderstorms and hail.[88] Springs and autumns are generally pleasant, with temperatures ranging between 10 and 20 °C (50 and 68 °F); these seasons are characterized by higher rainfall, especially in April and May.[89] Relative humidity typically ranges between 45% (comfortable) and 95% (very humid) throughout the year, rarely dropping below 27% (dry) and reaching as high as 100%.[88] Wind is generally absent: over the course of the year typical wind speeds vary from 0 to 14 km/h (0 to 9 mph) (calm to gentle breeze), rarely exceeding 29 km/h (18 mph) (fresh breeze), except during summer thunderstorms when winds can blow strong. In the spring, gale-force windstorms may happen, generated either by Tramontane blowing from the Alps or by Bora-like winds from the north. Due to its geographic location surrounded by mountains on 3 sides, Milan is among the least windy cities in Europe.[88]

Climate data for Linate Airport, Milan (1991–2020 normals, sun 1981-2010, extremes 1946–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 21.7
(71.1) 		23.8
(74.8) 		26.9
(80.4) 		32.4
(90.3) 		35.5
(95.9) 		36.6
(97.9) 		37.2
(99.0) 		39.3
(102.7) 		33.2
(91.8) 		28.2
(82.8) 		25.5
(77.9) 		24.5
(76.1) 		39.3
(102.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 7.3
(45.1) 		10.0
(50.0) 		15.5
(59.9) 		19.3
(66.7) 		23.9
(75.0) 		28.1
(82.6) 		30.7
(87.3) 		29.9
(85.8) 		25.5
(77.9) 		19.0
(66.2) 		12.4
(54.3) 		7.4
(45.3) 		19.1
(66.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 3.2
(37.8) 		5.2
(41.4) 		9.9
(49.8) 		13.8
(56.8) 		18.5
(65.3) 		22.7
(72.9) 		25.1
(77.2) 		24.4
(75.9) 		19.9
(67.8) 		14.4
(57.9) 		8.7
(47.7) 		3.9
(39.0) 		14.1
(57.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −0.4
(31.3) 		0.6
(33.1) 		4.4
(39.9) 		8.4
(47.1) 		12.8
(55.0) 		17.2
(63.0) 		19.3
(66.7) 		18.8
(65.8) 		14.9
(58.8) 		10.2
(50.4) 		5.3
(41.5) 		0.6
(33.1) 		9.3
(48.8)
Record low °C (°F) −15.0
(5.0) 		−15.6
(3.9) 		−7.4
(18.7) 		−2.5
(27.5) 		−0.8
(30.6) 		5.6
(42.1) 		8.4
(47.1) 		8.0
(46.4) 		3.0
(37.4) 		−2.3
(27.9) 		−6.2
(20.8) 		−13.6
(7.5) 		−15.6
(3.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 35.9
(1.41) 		38.2
(1.50) 		42.2
(1.66) 		57.7
(2.27) 		70.3
(2.77) 		67.4
(2.65) 		44.2
(1.74) 		82.2
(3.24) 		73.4
(2.89) 		82.0
(3.23) 		112.4
(4.43) 		45.8
(1.80) 		751.7
(29.59)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 4.7 4.5 5.4 7.2 8.4 6.6 4.5 5.5 5.1 6.6 8.3 5.7 72.5
Average
relative humidity
(%) 		78.9 73.6 68.0 67.7 67.2 66.9 66.2 67.4 70.0 76.5 81.0 81.8 72.1
Average dew point °C (°F) 0.2
(32.4) 		0.8
(33.4) 		3.9
(39.0) 		7.0
(44.6) 		11.2
(52.2) 		14.7
(58.5) 		16.6
(61.9) 		16.8
(62.2) 		13.4
(56.1) 		10.1
(50.2) 		5.9
(42.6) 		1.2
(34.2) 		8.5
(47.3)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 91.4 108.5 170.0 178.4 212.3 247.6 293.2 237.6 179.3 116.5 73.3 67.1 1,975.2
Source 1:
NOAA NCEI[90][91]
Source 2: Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale[92]
Climate data for Malpensa Airport, Milan (1961–1990 normals, extremes 1951–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 22.4
(72.3) 		24.4
(75.9) 		28.9
(84.0) 		31.6
(88.9) 		35.1
(95.2) 		37.6
(99.7) 		38.2
(100.8) 		38.8
(101.8) 		33.9
(93.0) 		29.8
(85.6) 		22.8
(73.0) 		20.8
(69.4) 		38.8
(101.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 6.1
(43.0) 		8.6
(47.5) 		13.1
(55.6) 		17.0
(62.6) 		21.3
(70.3) 		25.5
(77.9) 		28.6
(83.5) 		27.6
(81.7) 		24.0
(75.2) 		18.2
(64.8) 		11.2
(52.2) 		6.9
(44.4) 		17.3
(63.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 0.9
(33.6) 		3.1
(37.6) 		6.8
(44.2) 		10.7
(51.3) 		15.2
(59.4) 		19.1
(66.4) 		22.0
(71.6) 		21.2
(70.2) 		17.8
(64.0) 		12.3
(54.1) 		6.0
(42.8) 		1.7
(35.1) 		11.4
(52.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −4.4
(24.1) 		−2.5
(27.5) 		0.4
(32.7) 		4.3
(39.7) 		9.0
(48.2) 		12.6
(54.7) 		15.3
(59.5) 		14.8
(58.6) 		11.5
(52.7) 		6.4
(43.5) 		0.7
(33.3) 		−3.6
(25.5) 		5.4
(41.7)
Record low °C (°F) −18.0
(−0.4) 		−17.8
(0.0) 		−12.2
(10.0) 		−9.0
(15.8) 		−5.2
(22.6) 		0.6
(33.1) 		4.7
(40.5) 		3.0
(37.4) 		0.5
(32.9) 		−6.2
(20.8) 		−13.6
(7.5) 		−15.2
(4.6) 		−18.0
(−0.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 67.5
(2.66) 		77.1
(3.04) 		99.7
(3.93) 		106.3
(4.19) 		132.0
(5.20) 		93.3
(3.67) 		66.8
(2.63) 		97.5
(3.84) 		73.2
(2.88) 		107.4
(4.23) 		106.3
(4.19) 		54.6
(2.15) 		1,081.7
(42.61)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 6.4 6.1 7.6 8.8 10.4 8.5 6.1 7.5 5.7 6.7 7.9 5.5 87.2
Average
relative humidity
(%) 		78 76 69 73 74 74 74 73 74 77 80 80 75
Source 1: NOAA[93]
Source 2: KNMI[94]

Administration

Municipal government

See also:
Boroughs of Milan
Palazzo Marino, Milan City Hall
Palazzo Lombardia, headquarters of the regional government of Lombardy
The city's nine municipi ("boroughs")

The legislative body of the Italian comuni is the City Council (Consiglio Comunale), which in cities with more than one million population is composed by 48 councillors elected every five years with a proportional system, at the same time of the mayoral elections. The executive body is the City Committee (Giunta Comunale), composed by 12 assessors, that is nominated and presided over by a directly elected Mayor. The current mayor of Milan is Giuseppe Sala, an independent leading a centre-left alliance led by the Democratic Party.

The municipality of Milan is subdivided into nine administrative Borough Councils (Consigli di Municipio), down from the former twenty districts before the 1999 administrative reform.[95] Each Borough Council is governed by a Council (Consiglio) and a President, elected contextually to the city Mayor. The urban organisation is governed by the Italian Constitution (art. 114), the Municipal Statute[96] and several laws, notably the Legislative Decree 267/2000 or Unified Text on Local Administration (Testo Unico degli Enti Locali).[97] After the 2016 administrative reform, the Borough Councils have the power to advise the Mayor with nonbinding opinions on a large spectrum of topics and are responsible for running most local services, such as schools, social services, waste collection, roads, parks, libraries and local commerce; in addition they are supplied with an autonomous funding in order to finance local activities.

Metropolitan city

Palazzo Isimbardi is the seat of the Council of the Metropolitan City of Milan.

Milan is the capital of the eponymous Metropolitan city. According to the last governmental dispositions concerning administrative reorganisation, the urban area of Milan is one of the 15 Metropolitan municipalities (città metropolitane), new administrative bodies fully operative since 1 January 2015.[98] The new Metro municipalities, giving large urban areas the administrative powers of a province, are conceived for improving the performance of local administrations and to slash local spending by better co-ordinating the municipalities in providing basic services (including transport, school and social programs) and environment protection.[99] In this policy framework, the Mayor of Milan is designated to exercise the functions of Metropolitan mayor (Sindaco metropolitano), presiding over a Metropolitan Council formed by 24 mayors of municipalities within the Metro municipality. The Metropolitan City of Milan is headed by the Metropolitan Mayor (Sindaco metropolitano) and by the Metropolitan Council (Consiglio metropolitano). Since 21 June 2016, Giuseppe Sala, as mayor of the capital city, has been the mayor of the Metropolitan City.

Regional government

Milan is also the capital of

Five Stars Movement. The conservatives have governed the region almost uninterruptedly since 1970. The regional council has 48 members from the centre-right coalition, 18 from the Centre-left coalition and 13 from the Five Star Movement. The seat of the regional government is Palazzo Lombardia that, standing at 161.3 metres (529 feet),[100]
is the fifth-tallest building in Milan.

Cityscape

Skyline

A wide view of the Milan skyline, with accompanying cityscape, from the roof of the Milan Cathedral

Architecture

See also: List of buildings in Milan and Villas and palaces in Milan
third largest in the world.[101]
Sforza Castle
(Castello Sforzesco), a historic medieval fortress
The Royal Palace of Milan, the seat of government of the city for many centuries
Royal Villa of Milan, one of the finest examples of Neoclassical architecture in Lombardy
The Arch of the Peace, dating back to the 19th century, although its origins can be traced back to a gate of the Roman walls of Milan.
Palazzo Castiglioni, designed in the Liberty style

There are only few remains of the ancient

third largest in the world,[101] as well as the most important example of Gothic architecture in Italy. The gilt bronze statue of the Virgin Mary, placed in 1774 on the highest pinnacle of the Duomo, soon became one of the most enduring symbols of Milan.[102]

In the 15th century, when the

Santa Maria delle Grazie and three cloisters for Sant'Ambrogio.[104] The Counter-Reformation in the 16th to 17th centuries was also the period of Spanish domination and was marked by two powerful figures: Saint Charles Borromeo and his cousin, Cardinal Federico Borromeo. Not only did they impose themselves as moral guides to the people of Milan, but they also gave a great impulse to culture, with the creation of the Biblioteca Ambrosiana, in a building designed by Francesco Maria Richini, and the nearby Pinacoteca Ambrosiana. Many notable churches and Baroque mansions were built in the city during this period by the architects, Pellegrino Tibaldi, Galeazzo Alessi and Richini himself.[105]

Empress

Cimitero Monumentale graveyard, built in a Neo-Romanesque
style between 1863 and 1866.

The tumultuous period of early 20th century brought several, radical innovations in Milanese architecture.

Central railway station inaugurated in 1931.[112]

The post-World War II period saw rapid reconstruction and fast economic growth, accompanied by a nearly two-fold increase in population. In the 1950s and 1960s, a strong demand for new residential and commercial areas drove to extreme urban expansion, that has produced some of the major milestones in the city's architectural history, including

Isozaki Arata—when completed, the tallest building in Italy,[113] the twisted Hadid Tower,[114] and the curved Libeskind Tower.[115]

Two business districts dominate Milan's skyline: Porta Nuova in the north-east (boroughs No. 9 and 2) and CityLife (borough No. 8) in the north-west part of the commune. The

Unicredit Tower at 231 m (though only 162 m without the spire), and the 209 m Allianz Tower
, a 50-story tower.

Parks and gardens

Sempione Park

The largest parks in the central area of Milan are Sempione Park, at the north-western edge, and Montanelli Gardens, situated north-east of the city. English-style Sempione Park, built in 1890, contains a Napoleonic Arena, the Milan City Aquarium, a steel lattice panoramic tower, an art exhibition centre, a Japanese garden and a public library.[116] The Montanelli gardens, created in the 18th century, hosts the Natural History Museum of Milan and a planetarium.[117] Slightly away from the city centre, heading east, Forlanini Park is characterised by a large pond and a few preserved shacks which remind of the area's agricultural past.[118] In recent years Milan's authorities pledged to develop its green areas: they planned to create twenty new urban parks and extend the already existing ones, and announced plans to plant three million trees by 2030.[119]

In addition, even though Milan is located in one of the most urbanised regions of Italy, it is surrounded by a belt of green areas and features numerous gardens even in its very centre. The farmlands and woodlands north (Parco Nord Milano since 1975) and south (Parco Agricolo Sud Milano since 1990) of the urban area have been protected as regional parks.[120][121] West of the city, the Parco delle Cave (Sand pit park) has been established on a neglected site where gravel and sand used to be extracted, featuring artificial lakes and woods.[122]

Demographics

Population census
YearPop.±%
1861 267,621—    
1871 290,518+8.6%
1881 354,045+21.9%
1901 538,483+52.1%
1911 701,411+30.3%
1921 818,161+16.6%
1931 960,682+17.4%
1936 1,115,794+16.1%
1951 1,274,187+14.2%
1961 1,582,474+24.2%
1971 1,732,068+9.5%
1981 1,604,844−7.3%
1991 1,369,295−14.7%
2001 1,256,211−8.3%
2011 1,242,123−1.1%
2021 1,371,498+10.4%
Istat historical data 1861–2021[123]

The official estimated population of the City of Milan was 1,378,689 as of 31 December 2018, according to ISTAT, the official Italian statistical agency,[124] up by 136,556 from the 2011 census, or a growth of about 11%. At the same date 3,250,315 people lived in Milan province-level municipality.[125] The population of Milan today is lower than its historical peak. With rapid industrialization in post-war years, the population of Milan peaked at 1,743,427 in 1973.[126] Thereafter, during the following decades, about one third of the population moved to the outer belt of suburbs and new satellite settlements that grew around the city proper.

Milan is home to the second-largest Far East Asian community in Europe after Paris, with Philippines and China, making up about a quarter of its foreign population (around 70,000 out of 261,000 in 2023). Another 3,500 foreigners come from other East Asian countries.[127]

Today, Milan's conurbation extends well beyond the borders of the city proper and of its special-status provincial authority: its contiguous built-up urban area was home to 5.27 million people in 2015,[9] while its wider metropolitan area, the largest in Italy and fourth largest in the EU, is estimated to have a population of more than 8.2 million.[11]

Foreign residents

Nationality held by residents as of 2023[128]

  Italian (81.20%)
  EU area (2.06%)
  Other European (1.67%)
  African (4.41%)
  Asian (8.08%)
  Latin American (2.90%)
  Other (0.08%)
Country of foreign nationality Population at 1 January 2023
 Egypt 39,890
 Philippines 37,073
 China 32,464
 Peru 15,523
 Sri Lanka 15,470
 Romania 13,571
 Bangladesh 11,334
 Ecuador 8,705
 Ukraine 8,004
 Morocco 7,787
 El Salvador 5,823
 Albania 4,605
 France 3,639
 Brazil 2,751
 Senegal 2,604
 Russia 2,575
 Spain 2,341
 Iran 2,330
 Pakistan 2,303
 Moldova 2,032
 Bolivia 1,829
 India 1,780
 United Kingdom 1,718
 Germany 1,651
 Turkey 1,558
 Tunisia 1,517
 Georgia 1,408
 Japan 1,402
 Bulgaria 1,263
 United States 1,188
 Colombia 1,105
 Nigeria 1,073
 Eritrea 1,028
 Poland 1,005
other countries each <1000

As of 2021, some 261,277 foreign residents lived in the municipality of Milan,[129] representing 19.2% of the total resident population. These figures suggest that the immigrant population has more than doubled in the last 15 years.[130] After World War II, Milan experienced two main waves of immigration: the first, dating from the 1950s to the early 1970s, saw a large influx of migrants from poorer and rural areas within Italy; the second, starting from the late 1980s, has been characterized by the preponderance of foreign-born immigrants.[131]

The early period coincided with the so-called Italian economic miracle of postwar years, an era of extraordinary growth based on rapid industrial expansion and great public works, that brought to the city a large influx of over 400,000 people, mainly from rural and underdeveloped Southern Italy.[71]

Immigrants came mainly from Africa (in particular Eritreans, Egyptians, Moroccans, Senegalese and Nigerian), and the former socialist countries of Eastern Europe (notably Albanians, Romanians, Ukrainians, Macedonians, Moldovans, and Russians), in addition to a growing number of Asians (in particular Chinese, Sri Lankans and Filipinos) and Latin Americans (Mainly South Americans). At the beginning of the 1990s, Milan already had a population of foreign-born residents of approximately 58,000 (or 4% of the then population), that rose rapidly to over 117,000 by the end of the decade (about 9% of the total).[132]

Decades of continuing high immigration have made the city one of the most cosmopolitan and multicultural in Italy. Milan notably hosts the oldest and largest (along with

8th district, and centered on Via Paolo Sarpi, an important commercial avenue, the Milanese Chinatown was originally established in the 1920s by immigrants from Wencheng County, in the Zhejiang province, and used to operate small textile and leather workshops.[133]

Milan has also a substantial English-speaking community (around 3,500 US citizens, British, Irish and Australian expatriates, excluding double-citizens), and several English schools and English-language publications, such as Hello Milano, Where Milano and Easy Milano.[128]

Religion

Santa Maria delle Grazie, completed in 1497
St. Ambrose Basilica
dates back from AD 379–386.

Milan's population, like that of Italy as a whole, is mostly Catholic.[134][135] It is the seat of the Archdiocese of Milan. Greater Milan is also home to Protestant, Eastern Orthodox, Jewish, Muslim, Hindu, Sikh and Buddhist communities.[136][137][138][139][140]

Milan has been a Christian-majority city since the late Roman Empire.

Archdiocese of Milan,[142] which consider the largest in Europe.[143] The Rite varies slightly from the canonical Roman Rite liturgy, with differences in the mass, liturgical year (Lent starts four days later than in the Roman Rite), baptism, rite of funerals, priest clothes and sacred music (use of the Ambrosian chant rather than Gregorian).[144]

In addition, the city is home to the largest Orthodox community in Italy. Lombardy is the seat of at least 78 Orthodox parishes and monasteries, the vast majority of them located in the area of Milan.

Romanian Orthodox church in Milan is the Catholic church of Our Lady of Victory (Chiesa di Santa Maria della Vittoria), currently granted for use to the local Romanian community.[146] Similarly, the point of reference for the followers of the Russian Orthodox Church is the Catholic church of San Vito in Pasquirolo.[147][148]

The Jewish community of Milan is the second largest in Italy after Rome, with about 10,000 members, mainly

Sephardi.[149] The main city synagogue, Hechal David u-Mordechai Temple, was built by architect Luca Beltrami
in 1892.

Milan hosts also one of the largest Muslim communities in Italy,

Northern League.[151] As of 2018, the Muslim population is estimated at around 9% of the city's population.[152]

Currently, accurate statistics on the Hindu and Sikh presence in Milan metro area are not available; however, various sources estimate that about 40% of the total Indian population living in Italy, or about 50,000 individuals, reside in Lombardy,[153][154] where a number of Hindu and Sikh temples exist and where they form the largest such communities in Europe after the ones in Britain.[155]

Economy

Main article: Economy of Milan
Palazzo Mezzanotte, the seat of the Italian stock exchange
The skyscrapers of Porta Nuova business district
The skyscrapers of CityLife business district
Fiera Milano, the most important trade fair organiser in Italy and the world's fourth largest[156]
Via Monte Napoleone is Europe's most expensive street and the second-most-expensive street in the world after Fifth Avenue in New York City (2023).[157]

Milan is the economic capital of Italy[12] and is a global financial centre. Milan is, together with London, Hamburg, Frankfurt, Munich and Paris, one of the six European economic capitals.[13] Milan is the capital of the Lombardy region in northern Italy and is the wealthiest city in Italy.[158] Milan and Lombardy had a GDP of €400 billion ($493 billion) and €650 billion ($801 billion), respectively, in 2017.[159] It is a member of the Blue Banana corridor and of the Four Motors for Europe among Europe's economic leaders. Milan's hinterland is Italy's largest industrial area. Milan's GDP per capita of about €49,500 (US$55,600) ranks among Italy's highest.[160]

Whereas Rome is Italy's political and cultural capital, Milan is the country's industrial and financial heart. With a 2019 GDP estimated at €207.4 billion,[161] the province of Milan generates approximately 10% of the national GDP; while the economy of the Lombardy region generates approximately 19.5% of Italy's GDP (or an estimated €400 billion in 2021,[162] roughly the size of Belgium). The province of Milan is home to about 45% of businesses in the Lombardy region and more than 8 percent of all businesses in Italy, including three Fortune 500 companies.[163]

According to the Economist Intelligence Unit, Milan was the 11th-most-expensive city in Europe and the 22nd-most-expensive city in the world in 2019,[164] while the well-known Via Monte Napoleone is Europe's most expensive street and the second-most-expensive street in the world after Fifth Avenue in New York City (2023).[157]

Since the late 1800s, the area of Milan has been a major industrial and manufacturing centre.

Edison S.p.A., Snam, Sorgenia
) sectors are also large employers in the Greater Milan.

Milan is Italy's largest financial hub. The main national insurance companies and banking groups (for a total of 198 companies) and over forty foreign insurance and banking companies are located in the city,

Telecom Italia, UniCredit, UnipolSai
.

Other large multinational service companies, such as

PricewaterhouseCoopers, have their headquarters in the CityLife
business district, a new 900-acre-wide (3.6 km2) development project designed by prominent modernist architects Zaha Hadid, Daniel Liebskind and Arata Isozaki.

The city is home to numerous media and advertising agencies,

Altavista, Google, Italtel, Lycos, Microsoft,[166] Virgilio and Yahoo!
establishing their Italian operations in the city.

Milan is one of the

Valentino, Zegna and four weeks a year are dedicated to fashion events.[165] The city is also a global hub for event management and trade fairs. Fiera Milano operates the most important trade fair organiser in Italy and the world's fourth-largest[156] exhibition hall in Rho, were international exhibitions like Milan Furniture Fair, EICMA, EMO take place on 400,000 square metres of exhibition areas with more than 4 million visitors in 2018.[167]

Tourism

Main article: Tourism in Milan
The Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II, the Milan Cathedral, the Royal Palace of Milan and the Palazzo dell'Arengario in Piazza del Duomo
Interior of the Milan Cathedral. Milan Cathedral is the city's most popular tourist destination.[168]

Tourism is an increasingly important part of the city's economy: with 8.81 million registered international arrivals in 2018 (up 9.92% on the previous year), Milan ranked as the world's 15th-most-visited city.[169] One source has 56% of international visitors to Milan are from Europe, 44% of the city's tourists are Italian, and 56% are from abroad.[168] The most important European Union markets are the United Kingdom (16%), Germany (9%) and France (6%).[168] Most of the visitors who come from the United States to the city go on business matters, while Chinese and Japanese tourists mainly take up the leisure segment.[168] Milan is one of the international tourism destinations, appearing among the forty most visited cities in the world, ranking second in Italy after Rome, fifth in Europe and sixteenth in the world.[19][20]

The city boasts several popular tourist attractions, such as the

Société Générale de Surveillance (five-star superior luxury according to state law, however) and one of The Leading Hotels of the World.[172]

Culture

Main article: Culture of Milan
Giambattista Tiepolo
in Palazzo Clerici

Museums and art galleries

Main article: List of museums in Milan
Santa Maria delle Grazie, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site
.
The Pinacoteca di Brera
Triennale
design and art museum
San Carlo al Corso

Milan is home to many cultural institutions, museums and art galleries, that account for about a tenth of the national total of visitors and receipts.

Archaeological Museum
and the Achille Bertarelli Print Collection (Civica Raccolta delle Stampe Bertarelli).

Milan's figurative art flourished in the

Santa Maria delle Grazie.[174]

The city was affected by the

Triennale is a design museum and events venue located in Palazzo dell'Arte, in Sempione Park
. It hosts exhibitions and events highlighting contemporary Italian design, urban planning, architecture, music and media arts, emphasising the relationship between art and industry.

Milan in the 20th century was the epicentre of the

Kengiro Azuma, Francesco Barzaghi, Alberto Burri, Pietro Cascella, Maurizio Cattelan, Leonardo da Vinci, Giorgio de Chirico, Kris Ruhs, Emilio Isgrò, Fausto Melotti, Joan Miró, Carlo Mo, Claes Oldenburg, Igor Mitoraj, Gianfranco Pardi, Michelangelo Pistoletto, Arnaldo Pomodoro, Carlo Ramous, Aldo Rossi, Aligi Sassu, Giuseppe Spagnulo and Domenico Trentacoste
.

Music

See also: Music of Milan
Founded in 1778, La Scala is the world's most famous opera house.[179]

Milan is a major national and international centre of the performing arts, most notably opera. The city hosts La Scala operahouse, considered one of the world's most prestigious,[180] having throughout history witnessed the premieres of numerous operas, such as Nabucco by Giuseppe Verdi in 1842, La Gioconda by Amilcare Ponchielli, Madama Butterfly by Giacomo Puccini in 1904, Turandot by Puccini in 1926, and more recently Teneke, by Fabio Vacchi in 2007. Other major theatres in Milan include the Teatro degli Arcimboldi, Teatro Dal Verme, Teatro Lirico and formerly the Teatro Regio Ducale. The city is also the seat of a renowned symphony orchestra and musical conservatory, and has been, throughout history, a major centre for musical composition: numerous famous composers and musicians such as Gioseppe Caimo, Simon Boyleau, Hoste da Reggio, Verdi, Giulio Gatti-Casazza, Paolo Cherici and Alice Edun lived and worked in Milan. The city is also the birthplace of many modern ensembles and bands, including I Camaleonti, Camerata Mediolanense, Gli Spioni, Dynamis Ensemble, Elio e le Storie Tese, Krisma, Premiata Forneria Marconi, Quartetto Cetra, Stormy Six, Le Vibrazioni and Lacuna Coil.

Fashion and design

Main article: Fashion in Milan
Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II is Italy's oldest active shopping gallery and a major landmark of Milan.

Milan is widely regarded as a global capital in industrial design, fashion and architecture.

FieraMilano, Europe's largest permanent trade exhibition, and Salone Internazionale del Mobile, one of the most prestigious international furniture and design fairs.[184]

Milan is also regarded as one of the

Valentino, Versace, Prada, Armani and Dolce & Gabbana, are headquartered in the city. Numerous international fashion labels also operate shops in Milan. Furthermore, the city hosts the Milan Fashion Week twice a year, one of the most important events in the international fashion system.[187] Milan's main upscale fashion district, quadrilatero della moda, is home to the city's most prestigious shopping streets (Via Monte Napoleone, Via della Spiga, Via Sant'Andrea, Via Manzoni and Corso Venezia), in addition to Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II, one of the world's oldest shopping malls.[188] The term sciura
encapsulates the look and culture of fashionable, elderly Milanese women.

Languages and literature

Main article:
Milanese literature
Alessandro Manzoni is famous for the novel The Betrothed (1827), generally ranked among the masterpieces of world literature.[189] This novel is a fundamental milestone in the development of the modern, unified Italian language.[190]

In the late 18th century, and throughout the 19th, Milan was an important centre for intellectual discussion and literary creativity. The

Dei delitti e delle pene, and Count Pietro Verri, with the periodical Il Caffè were able to exert a considerable influence over the new middle-class
culture.

In the first years of the 19th century, the ideals of the Romantic movement made their impact on the cultural life of the city and its major writers debated the primacy of Classical versus Romantic poetry. Additionally, Giuseppe Parini and Ugo Foscolo published their most important works, and were admired by younger poets as masters of ethics, as well as of literary craftsmanship.

In the third decade of the 19th century,

Lombard Language. The periodical Il Conciliatore published articles by Silvio Pellico, Giovanni Berchet, Ludovico di Breme
, who were both Romantic in poetry and patriotic in politics.

After the

Unification of Italy in 1861, Milan retained a sort of central position in cultural debates. New ideas and movements from other countries of Europe were accepted and discussed: thus Realism and Naturalism gave birth to prewar Italian movement of Verismo in Southern Italy, its greatest Verista novelist Giovanni Verga
formed in Sicily who wrote his most important books in Milan.

In addition to Italian, approximately 2 million people in Northern Italy can speak the

Western Lombard variation.[191]

Media

The historic seat of the Corriere della Sera in via Solferino in Milan

Milan is an important national and international media centre. Corriere della Sera, founded in 1876, is one of the oldest Italian newspapers, and it is published by Rizzoli, as well as La Gazzetta dello Sport, a daily dedicated to coverage of various sports and currently considered the most widely read daily newspaper in Italy. Other local dailies are the general broadsheets

Confindustria (the Italian employers' federation). Free daily newspapers include Leggo and Metro. Milan is also home to many architecture, art and fashion periodicals, including Abitare, Casabella, Domus, Flash Art, Gioia, Grazia and Vogue Italia. Panorama and Oggi
, two of Italy's most important weekly news magazines, are also published in Milan.

Several commercial broadcast television networks have their national headquarters in the Milan conurbation, including

Radio 105 Network, R101 (Italy), Radio Popolare, RTL 102.5, Radio Capital and Virgin Radio Italia
.

Cuisine

Main article: Lombard cuisine
risotto alla milanese
Panettone

Like most cities in Italy, Milan has developed its own local culinary tradition, which, as it is typical for North Italian cuisines, uses more frequently

meatballs
made with leftover meat fried in butter) and brasato (stewed beef or pork with wine and potatoes).

Season-related pastries include chiacchiere (flat fritters dusted with sugar) and tortelli (fried spherical cookies) for Carnival, colomba (glazed cake shaped as a dove) for Easter, pane dei morti ("bread of the (Day of the) Dead", cookies flavoured with cinnamon) for All Souls' Day and panettone for Christmas. The salame Milano, a salami with a very fine grain, is widespread throughout Italy. Renowned Milanese cheeses are gorgonzola (from the namesake village nearby), mascarpone, used in pastry-making, taleggio and quartirolo.

The

labelled with the San Colombano DOC designation.[192]

Milan is well known for its world-class restaurants and cafés, characterised by innovative cuisine and design.

Caffè Cova, was established in 1817.[196] In total, Milan has 15 cafés, bars and restaurants registered among the Historical Places of Italy, continuously operating for at least 70 years.[197]

Sport

San Siro Stadium, home of AC Milan and Inter Milan, has a capacity of 80,000. It is Italy's biggest stadium.
Mediolanum Forum, home of Olimpia Milano
Satellite view of the Monza Circuit.

Milan hosted matches at the FIFA World Cup in 1934 and 1990 and the UEFA European Championship in 1980, and more recently held the 2003 World Rowing Championships, the 2009 World Boxing Championships, and some games of the Men's Volleyball World Championship in 2010 and the final games of the Women's Volleyball World Championship in 2014. In 2018, Milan hosted the World Figure Skating Championships. Milan will host the 2026 Winter Olympics as well as the 2026 Winter Paralympics jointly with Cortina d'Ampezzo.

Milan, along with Manchester, is one of only two cities in Europe that is home to two European Cup/Champions League winning teams: Serie A football clubs AC Milan and Inter. They are two of the most successful clubs in the world of football in terms of international trophies. Both teams have also won the FIFA Club World Cup (formerly the Intercontinental Cup). With a combined ten Champions League titles, Milan is only second to Madrid as the city with the most European Cups. Both teams play at the UEFA 5-star-rated Giuseppe Meazza Stadium, more commonly known as the San Siro, that is one of the biggest stadiums in Europe, with a seating capacity of over 80,000.[198] The Meazza Stadium has hosted four European Cup/Champions League finals, most recently in 2016, when Real Madrid defeated Atlético Madrid 5–3 in a penalty shoot-out. A third team, Brera Calcio, plays in Prima Categoria, the seventh tier of Italian football.[199] Another team, Milano City FC (a successor of Bustese Calcio),[200] plays in Serie D, the fourth level.

Milan is one of the host cities of the

Mediolanum Forum, with a capacity of 12,700, where it has been hosted the final of the 2013–14 Euroleague. In some cases the team also plays at the PalaDesio
, with a capacity of 6,700.

Milan is also home to Italy's oldest American football team: Rhinos Milano, who have won five Italian Super Bowls. The team plays at the Velodromo Vigorelli, with a capacity of 8,000. Another American football team that use the same venue is the Seamen Milano, who joined the professional European League of Football in 2023. Milan has also two cricket teams: Milano Fiori, currently competing in the second division, and Kingsgrove Milan, who won the Serie A championship in 2014. Amatori Rugby Milano, the most decorated rugby team in Italy, was founded in Milan in 1927. The Monza Circuit, located near Milan, hosts the Formula One Italian Grand Prix.[201] The circuit is located inside the Royal Villa of Monza park. It is one of the world's oldest car racing circuits. The capacity for the Formula One races is currently over 113,000. It has hosted an Formula One race nearly every year since the first year of competition, with the exception of 1980.

In road cycling, Milan hosts the start of the annual Milan–San Remo classic one-day race and the annual Milano–Torino one day race. Milan is also the traditional finish for the final stage of the Giro d'Italia, which, along with the Tour de France and the Vuelta a España, is one of cycling's three Grand Tours.

Education

The University of Milan headquarters
The Polytechnic University of Milan is the city's oldest university, founded in 1863. It is the best university in Italy.[202]
Bocconi University is a leading institution for economics, management and related disciplines in Europe.[203]
University of Milan Bicocca
, established in 1998, is the city's newest university.

Milan is a major global centre of higher education teaching and research and has the second-largest concentration of higher education institutes in Italy after Rome. Milan's higher education system includes 7 universities, 48 faculties and 142 departments, with 185,000 university students enrolled in 2011 (approximately 11 percent of the national total)[23] and the largest number of university graduates and postgraduate students (34,000 and more than 5,000, respectively) in Italy.[204]

Universities

The University of Milan (also known as the "State University") founded in 1924,[205] is the largest public teaching and research university in the city.[206] The University of Milan is the sixth-largest university in Italy, with approximately 60,000 enrolled students and a teaching staff of 2,500.[207] Most relevant academics are in the fields of medicine, law and politics and sustainability. Notable alumni such as former Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi and Nobel laureates earned their degree at University of Milan.

University of Milano-Bicocca, established in 1998 is the city's newest institution of higher education in science and technology. Built over a once industrial area, today enrolls more than 30,000 students, of which more than 60% are female.[208] As its older parent institute, it is one of the most sought-after location for medical students.[209] It ranks as the 82nd-best young college on over 300 institutions in the 2020 Times Higher Education World University Rankings.[210]

The Polytechnic University of Milan is the city's oldest university, founded in 1863. With over 40,000 students, it is the largest technical university in Italy.[211] According to the QS World University Rankings for the subject area 'Engineering & Technology', it ranked in 2022 as the 13th best in the world.[212] It ranked 6th worldwide for Design, 9th for Civil and Structural Engineering, 9th for Mechanical, Aerospace Engineering and 7th for Architecture.[212] It is the best university in Italy.[202]

Franciscan friar, physician and psychologist Agostino Gemelli.[216]

Bocconi University is a private management and finance university established in 1902, ranking as the best university in Italy in its fields, and as one of the best in the world. In 2020, QS World University Rankings (viewed as one of the three most-widely read university rankings in the world) ranked the university seventh worldwide and third in Europe in business and management studies,[217] as well as first in economics and econometrics outside the U.S. and the UK.[218] Financial Times ranked it the sixth-best business school in Europe in 2018.[219] Bocconi University also ranks as the fifth-best one-year MBA course in the world, according to the Forbes 2017 ranking.[220]

medical university linked to the San Raffaele Hospital.[221]

interpreting; communication in culture and arts markets, tourism and fashion.[222]

Art academies

Milan Conservatory

Milan is also well known for its fine arts and music schools. The

college of music established in 1807, currently Italy's largest with more than 1,700 students and 240 music teachers.[225]

Transport

Main article: Transport in Milan
Carsharing cars in Piazza Duca d'Aosta

Milan is one of the key transport nodes of Italy and southern Europe. Its

Orio al Serio airports serve the Greater Milan
, the largest metropolitan area in Italy.

Azienda Trasporti Milanesi (ATM) is the Milanese municipal transport company; it operates 5 metro lines, 18 tram lines, 131 bus lines, 4 trolleybus lines and 1 people mover line, carrying about 776 million passengers in 2018.[228] Overall the network covers nearly 1,500 km (932 mi) reaching 46 municipalities.[229] Besides public transport, ATM manages the interchange parking lots and other transport services including bike sharing and carsharing systems.[230]

Rail

Underground

Milan Metro is Italy's longest rapid transit system.

The Milan Metro is the rapid transit system serving the city and surrounding municipalities. The network consists of 5 lines (M1, M2, M3, M4 and M5), with a total network length of 104 kilometres (65 mi), and a total of 121 stations, mostly underground.[231] It has a daily ridership of 1.15 million,[232] the largest in Italy as well as one of the largest in Europe.

The architectural project of the Milan Metro, created by Franco Albini and Franca Helg, and the signs, designed by Bob Noorda, received the Compasso d'Oro award in 1964.[233] Within the European Union it is the seventh-largest network in terms of kilometres.[234]

Suburban

Milan Passerby railway

As of May 2023, the

Milan Passerby railway, commonly referred to as "il Passante" and served by double-decker trains every 4/8 minutes in the central underground section.[235]

National and international trains

Milano Centrale railway station

Roma Termini.[226] Milano Centrale railway station is the largest railway station in Europe by volume.[236] Milano Cadorna and Milano Porta Garibaldi stations are, respectively, the seventh- and the eleventh-busiest stations in Italy.[226] Since the end of 2009, two high-speed train lines link Milan to Rome, Naples and Turin, considerably shortening travel times with other major cities in Italy. Further high-speed lines are under construction towards Genoa and Verona. Milan is served by direct international trains to Nice, Marseille, Lyon, Paris, Lugano, Geneva, Bern, Basel, Zurich and Frankfurt, and by overnight sleeper services to Munich and Vienna (ÖBB).[237] Overnight services to Paris were suspended in 2020 following the COVID lockdown and subsequently discontinued.[238][239]

Milan is also the core of

LeNord (departing from Milano Cadorna) and Trenitalia (departing from Milan Centrale and Milano Porta Garibaldi). Since 2011, a new company, Trenord, has operated both Trenitalia and LeNord regional trains in Lombardy, carrying over 750,000 passengers on more than 50 routes every day.[240][241]

Buses and trams

Porta Nuova medieval gate

The

taxi services operated by private companies and licensed by the City Council of Milan. The city is also a key node for the national road network, being served by all the major highways of Northern Italy. Numerous long-distance bus lines link Milan with many other cities and towns in Lombardy and throughout Italy.[243]

Airports

Milan Malpensa Airport
Departures area of the Milan Bergamo Airport

In the surroundings of Milan there are three airports dedicated to normal civilian traffic (Milan Malpensa Airport and Milan Linate Airport, managed by SEA, and Milan Bergamo Airport by SACBO).

Overall, the Milan airport system handles traffic of over 51.4 million passengers and around 700,000 tons of goods every year and is the first in Italy in terms of passenger volume and cargo volume (the second Italian airport system is Rome with 44.4 million passengers in 2023).[244] The Milan Malpensa airport, with over 700 thousand tons, confirms the national leadership, processing 70% of the country's air cargo.[245]

  • The intercontinental
    Canton of Ticino. The airport is 49 kilometres (30 mi) north-west of Milan,[246] in the province of Varese next to the Ticino river dividing Lombardy and Piedmont. Malpensa airport is 9th in the world and 6th in Europe for the number of countries served with direct scheduled flights [247] It is connected to Milan by the Malpensa Express railway service and by various bus lines.[248]
  • Milan Linate Airport (LIN) is Milan's city airport, less than 8 kilometres (5 mi) from central Milan, and is mainly used for domestic and short-haul international flights. It served 8.6 million passengers in 2023 ranking as the 8th airport in Italy for passenger traffic.[249] Linate Airport is hub of ITA Airways together with Rome Fiumicino Airport and is connected the centre of Milan via the M4 blue metro line
    .
  • Milan Bergamo Airport (BGY) is mainly used for low-cost, charter and cargo flights.[250] The airport is located in Orio al Serio, 3.7 km (2.3 mi) south-east of Bergamo and 45 km (28 mi) north-east of Milan. It is one of Ryanair's three main operating bases, along with Dublin Airport and London Stansted Airport.[251] It served 14.7 million passengers in 2023.[252] A bus service operated by ATB connects to the airport, about 10 minutes from the Bergamo railway station.[253]

Lastly, Bresso Airfield is a general aviation airport, operated by Aero Club Milano.[254] Since 1960 the airport mostly serves as a general aviation airfield for flying club activity, touristic flights and air taxi.[255] It also hosts a base of the state helicopter emergency service Elisoccorso.[256]

Cycling

BikeMi station and bikes along Corso Garibaldi.

The bicycle is becoming an increasingly important mode of transportation in Milan. Since 2008, the implementation of a city-wide network of bike paths has been initiated, to fight congestion and air pollution. During the COVID pandemic in 2019, 35 km of bike lanes were realized on short notice, to relieve pressure on the subway occupation.[257]

The

bike sharing system BikeMi
has been deployed in almost all the city and enjoys increasing popularity. Stationless commercial bike and scooter sharing systems are widely available.

International relations

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy

Milan is twinned with:[258]

The partnership with Saint Petersburg was suspended in 2012 (a decision taken by the city of Milan), because of the prohibition of the Russian government on "

homosexual propaganda".[259] However, it was later restored and as of 2022, St. Petersburg is still listed on Milan's official list of twin towns.[258]

People

Main article: List of people from Milan

Honorary citizens

People awarded the honorary citizenship of Milan are:

Date Name Notes
24 February 1972 Charlie Chaplin (1889–1977) English comic actor
March 1980 Andrei Sakharov (1921–1989) Russian
nuclear physicist, dissident
and activist
December 1988 Alexander Dubček (1921–1992) Czechoslovak and Slovak politician and dissident
16 February 1990 Paola Borboni (1900–1995) Italian actress
21 October 2004
Rudolph Giuliani
(1944–present)		 American politician, former mayor of New York City, and attorney of Donald Trump
3 September 2005
Rania Al-Abdullah
(1970–present)		 Queen consort of Jordan
10 December 2008 Al Gore (1948–present) American politician and former Vice President of the United States
18 January 2012 Roberto Saviano (1979–present) Italian journalist and writer
4 April 2016 Nino Di Matteo (1961–present) Italian magistrate
20 October 2016 Dalai Lama (1935–present) Tibetan Buddhist spiritual leader[260][261]
10 December 2020
Patrick Zaki
(1991–present)		 Egyptian student

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Bibliography

Wikisource has the text of the 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article Milan.
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