Mouflon

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Mouflon
Male Cyprus mouflon (Ovis gmelini ophion)

Near Threatened  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
CITES Appendix I (CITES)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Family: Bovidae
Subfamily: Caprinae
Tribe:
Caprini
Genus: Ovis
Species:
O. gmelini
Binomial name
Ovis gmelini
Blyth, 1841
Range of the Ovis gmelini

The mouflon (Ovis gmelini) is a

wild sheep native to Caspian region, including eastern Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Iran.[1] It is also found in Europe. It is thought to be the ancestor of all modern domestic sheep breeds.[2][3]

Taxonomy

Ovis gmelini was the

scientific name proposed by Edward Blyth in 1841 for wild sheep in the Middle East.[4]
In the 19th and 20th centuries, several wild sheep were described that are considered mouflon subspecies today:[5]

Subspecies

Five mouflon subspecies of are distinguished by MSW3:[8]

The European mouflon was once thought to be a subspecies of the mouflon, but is now considered to be a feral descendant of the domestic sheep (Ovis aries), as Ovis aries musimon.[9]

Relation to other sheep

Based on comparison of mitochondrial

domestic sheep) of Eurasia.[10] However, a comparison of the mitochondrial DNA control region (CR) found that two subspecies of urial, Ovis vignei (or orientalis) arkal and O. v./o. bochariensis, grouped with two different clades of argali (Ovis ammon).[3]

The ancestral sheep is presumed to have had 60 chromosomes, as in goats (Capra). Mouflon and domestic sheep have 54 chromosomes, with three pairs (1+3, 2+8, 5+11) of ancestral acrocentric chromosomes joined to form bi-armed chromosomes. This is in contrast to the argali and urial, which have 56 and 58 chromosomes respectively. If the urial is as closely related to the mouflons as mitochondrial DNA indicates, then two chromosomes would need to have split during its evolution away from the mouflon (sub)species.[10]

Description

Ewe

Mouflon has reddish to dark brown, short-haired coats with dark back stripes and black ventral areas and light-colored saddle patches. The males are horned; some females are horned, while others are polled. The horns of mature rams are curved almost one full revolution (up to 85 cm). Mouflon have shoulder heights of around 0.9 m and body weights of 50 kg (males) and 35 kg (females).[11]

Distribution and habitat

Mouflon are found in the Lesser Caucasus in southeastern Turkey, Armenia and Azerbaijan, and in Iran's western Alborz region and the Zagros Mountains spanning across eastern Iraq and western Iran.[1] It was possibly introduced to Cyprus during the Neolithic period.[12]

Behaviour and ecology

Reproduction

Mouflon rams have a strict dominance hierarchy. Before mating season or "rut", which is from late autumn to early winter, rams try to create a dominance hierarchy to determine access to ewes (female mouflon) for mating. Mouflon rams fight one another to obtain dominance and win an opportunity to mate with females. Mouflons reach sexual maturity at the age of 2 to 4 years. Young rams need to obtain dominance before they get a chance to mate, which takes another 3 years for them to start mating. Mouflon ewes also go through a similar hierarchy process in terms of social status in the first 2 years, but can breed even at low status. Pregnancy in females lasts 5 months, in which they produce one to two offspring.[citation needed]

A mouflon was cloned successfully in early 2001, and lived at least seven months, making it the first clone of an endangered mammal to survive beyond infancy.[13][14][15] This demonstrated that a common species (in this case, a domestic sheep) can successfully become a surrogate for the birth of an exotic animal such as the mouflon. If cloning of the mouflon can proceed successfully, it has the potential to reduce strain on the number of living specimens.

Conservation

The mouflon is protected in Armenia and Azerbaijan. In Turkey and Iran, hunting is only allowed with a special license. The population in Cyprus is listed as a strictly protected species in the

CITES Appendix I since November 2019.[1]

In culture

The male mouflon is called Mufro in Corsica, and the female Mufra; the French naturalist Buffon (1707–1788) rendered this in French as moufflon. In Sardinia, the male is called Murvoni, and the female Murva, though it is not unusual to hear the peasants style both indiscriminately Mufion, which is a palpable corruption of the Greek Ophion.[16]

  • The mouflon was the logo of Cyprus Airways until 2015, and is depicted on the 1-, 2-, and 5-cent Cypriot euro coins.
  • The mouflon is featured on the historical flag of the Armenian
    Syunik
    , and on tombstones.
  • The mouflon is the symbol and the nickname of the Cyprus national rugby union team.
  • The mouflon is the official mascot of Craghoppers, the UK outdoor clothing manufacturer.

See also

References

  1. ^
    doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T54940218A22147055.en
    . Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  2. PMID 12028771
    .
  3. ^
    PMID 9542158
    .
  4. ^ a b Blyth, E. (1841). "An Amended List of the Species of the Genus Ovis". The Annals and Magazine of Natural History; Zoology, Botany, and Geology. 7 (44): 248–261.
  5. ^ IUCN/SSC Caprinae Specialist Group (2000). Workshop on Caprinae taxonomy, 8–10 May 2000. Ankara, Turkey: IUCN.
  6. ^ Nasonov, N.V. (1909). "Note préliminaire sur une nouvelle espèce de Mouton sauvage, Ovis laristanica, de la Persie méridionale" (PDF). Извѣстія Императорской Академіи Наукъ. 3 (18): 1179–1180.
  7. ^ Nasonov, N.V. (1910). "О дикомъ восточномъ баранҍ С. Гмелина (Ovis orientalis Pall.)" [About the wild eastern sheep C. gmelina (Ovis orientalis Pall.)] (PDF). Извҍстiя Императорской Академiи Наукъ (in Russian). 4 (9): 681–710.
  8. OCLC 62265494
    .
  9. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2003.10.006
    .
  10. ^ a b Bunch, Wu, Zhang, Wang (2005). "Phylogenetic analysis of the snow sheep (Ovis nivicola) and closely related taxa", Journal of Heredity, 97 (1) 21–30. [1]
  11. ISBN 978-0-00-219779-3
    .
  12. ^ Vigne, J.D. (1994). "Les transferts anciens de mammifères en Europe occidentale: histoires, mécanismes et implications dans les sciences de l'homme et les sciences de la vie". Colloques d'Histoire des Sciences zoologiques. 5: 15–37.
  13. S2CID 10633589
    .
  14. ^ Trivedi, B. P. (2001). "Scientists Clone First Endangered Species: a Wild Sheep". National Geographic Today. Archived from the original on November 2, 2001. Retrieved February 21, 2006.
  15. ^ Winstead, E. (2001). "Endangered wild sheep clone reported to be healthy". Genome News Network. Retrieved April 10, 2007.
  16. ^ Blyth, E.; Owen, R. (1840). "On the species of the genus Ovis". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 8: 62–79.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ovis gmelini.
Wikispecies has information related to Ovis gmelini.
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