Mudgarpani

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"Mudgarpani" Yaksha
Mathura, 100 BCE
Mathura Museum
, GMM 87.145
anjali mudra. Art of Mathura, 100 BCE.[3]

Mudgarpani (

romanized: Mudgarapāṇi) was a Yaksha deity in ancient India. His name means "Mudgar-holder", the Mudgar being an ancient form of heavy club, usually made of wood, but it can also be made of iron.[4][5]

Yaksha

Manibhadra or Mudgarpani.[6] The Yakshas are a broad class of nature-spirits, usually benevolent, but sometimes mischievous or capricious, connected with water, fertility, trees, the forest, treasure and wilderness,[7][8] and were the object of popular worship.[9] Many of them were later incorporated into Buddhism, Jainism or Hinduism.[6]

Sculptures

Some of the earliest works of art of the Mathura school of art are the Yakshas, monumental sculptures of earth divinities that have been dated to the 2nd-1st century BCE. Yakshas became the focus of the creation of colossal cultic images, typically around 2 meters or more in height, which are considered as probably the first Indian anthropomorphic productions in stone.[10][6] Although few ancient Yaksha statues remain in good condition, the vigor of the style has been applauded, and expresses essentially Indian qualities.[10] They are often pot-bellied, two-armed and fierce-looking.[6] The Yashas are often depicted with weapons or attributes, such as the Yaksha Mudgarpani.[citation needed]

Mudgarpani ("Mace-holder") Yaksha from Bharana Kalan

A statue of Mudgarpani ("Mace-holder") Yaksha from Bharana Kalan, visible in the

Mathura Museum, is dated to circa 100 BCE.[11] It was discovered in Bharana Kalan, 32 kilometers northwest of Mathura.[11] In the right hand he holds a mudgar mace, and in the left hand he used to hold the figure of a small standing devotee or child joining hands in prayer.[12][2][6]

The inscription in Brahmi script on the base of the statue is in very bad condition, but has been partly deciphered. Some parallels with the contemporary Agnipani statue, probably dedicated by the same person, also helped interpretation:

amatyena prati[har](e)[na]...
(?)[jayagh](o)[s](ena).....[to]prai
.......(no)

"...by Jayaghosa, the minister in charge of the gate-keepers (?)..."[13]

A relief in the Mathura Museum also shows a similar Mudgarpani, dated to the same period, but with clearer attributes: especially the figure of a small standing devotee or child joining hands in prayer is much more visible.[2][12]

Style

Detail of the "Hellenistic" drapery.[10]

It is often suggested that the style of the colossal Yaksha statuary had an important influence on the creation of later divine images and human figures in India.

Yakshinis, often associated with trees and children, and whose voluptuous figures became omnipresent in Indian art.[6] A relief is also known from the Mathura Museum, which shown the Mudgarpani with the same attributes.[2]

Some

Dionysos.[15]

In the production of colossal Yaksha statues carved in the round, which can be found in several locations in northern India, the art of Mathura is considered as the most advanced in quality and quantity during this period.[16]

Stories and later history

An ancient

Jain story named the Antagadadasao tell the story of a man named Ajjunaka who was worshipping the image of the "Yaksa who held a mace", when he was attacked by five bandits, an event which shaked is devotion to the Yashka. Afterwards the Yaksa possessed Ajjunaka, giving him the strength to kill the five bandits.[9]

Nowadays, for training purposes when using Indian clubs, one or two wooden gada ("mudgar"), reaching up to 70 kilograms in weight, can be used: they can be swung behind the back in several different ways; this is particularly useful for building grip strength and shoulder endurance.[17][18]

Examples

  • Mudgarpani Yaksha (rear view).
    Mudgarpani Yaksha (rear view).
  • Mudgarpani Yaksha (3/4).
    Mudgarpani Yaksha (3/4).
  • Portrait of the Mudgarpani Yaksha.
    Portrait of the Mudgarpani Yaksha.
  • Detail of the "Herakles" knot.[19]
    Detail of the "Herakles" knot.[19]
  • Mudgarpani pedestal inscription in Brahmi
    Mudgarpani pedestal inscription in
    Brahmi

References

  1. ^
    ISBN 9789004155374
    .
  2. ^
    ISBN 9789004155374
    .
  3. ISBN 9789004155374
    .
  4. ^ Bulletin of the Victoria Memorial. Trustees of the Victoria Memorial. 1973. p. 49.
  5. ISBN 978-81-85151-29-8
    .
  6. ^
    ISBN 978-0-14-341517-6
    .
  7. ISBN 978-81-317-1120-0
    .
  8. ^ "yaksha". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 15 July 2007.
  9. ^
    ISBN 978-81-246-0015-3
    .
  10. ^
    ISBN 0691036802
    .
  11. ^
    ISBN 978-90-04-15537-4
    .
  12. ^
    ISBN 978-90-04-15537-4
    .
  13. ISBN 978-90-04-15537-4
    .
  14. ^ "The folk art typifies an older plastic tradition in clay and wood which was now put in stone, as seen in the massive Yaksha statuary which are also of exceptional value as models of subsequent divine images and human figures." in Agrawala, Vasudeva Sharana (1965). Indian Art: A history of Indian art from the earliest times up to the third century A. D. Prithivi Prakashan. p. 84.
  15. JSTOR 4629244
    .
  16. ISBN 9789004155374
    .
  17. ISBN 9780791410806
    .
  18. ^ "Mudgar exercise-club". British Museum. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
  19. ISBN 978-0-691-18538-5
    .
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