Mundus (magister militum)
Mundus | |
---|---|
Native name | Μοῦνδος, Mundo |
Died | 536 |
Allegiance | Byzantine Empire |
Rank | General |
Battles/wars | Nika revolt Gothic War (535–554) |
Children | Mauricius |
Relations | Giesmus Attila? |
Mundus or Mundo (
Etymology
Mundus's name is attested as
Omeljan Pritsak argues that Mundus's name had the same Turkic etymology as proposed by Gyula Németh and László Rásonyi for Attila's father Mundzuk, from Turkic *munʒu (jewel, pearl; flag).[4][a] Pritsak also argues that Mundus's father, Giesmus, had a name derived ultimately from the Turkic–Mongolian root kes/käs (protector, bestower of favor, blessing, good-fortune).[10]
Ethnic identity
Different ancient authors give different indications of Mundus's ethnic identity. Jordanes identifies Mundus as "formerly of the Attilani," that is, the Huns (Jord. Get. 301), whereas
The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire has argued that because Mundo (Jordanes) has Hunnic origins and Mundus has Gepid origins, they cannot be the same person, an argument rejected by Patrick Amory and Stefan Krautschik.[1][17] Brian Croke argued that Jordanes's statement could also mean that Mundus originated in the confederacy of the Huns rather than that he was a Hun himself.[18] Stefan Krautschik instead argues that the Gepid royal family and the Attilid dynasty were likely connected by marriage.[14] According to Amory, Mundus could have had ancestors who thought of themselves as Goths, Gepids, or Huns, from among which he and others could have chosen as needed.[17]
Biography
According to Theophanes, Mundus was the son of Giesmus, a ruler of the East Germanic tribe Gepids with his capital in Sirmium, and nephew to another Gepid ruler, Thraustila.[19] After his father's death, Mundus was raised by his maternal uncle Thraustila, who likely succeeded Giesmus. Thraustila was killed in battle in 488, failing to resist the Ostrogoths and their king, Theodoric the Great.[20] Sirmium was taken by the Ostrogoths.[21] after Thraustila was succeeded by his son Traseric, Mundus came to lead a group of bandits in Pannonia.[22] He declared himself a king and established himself in a tower called Herta.[20] When the Byzantines sent an army to fight him under the general Sabinianus in 505, Theodoric sent his general Pitzias and he and Mundus joined forces and defeated Sabinianus.[22] Although he disappears from the sources, Mundus appears to have remained Theodoric's ally until the latter's death in 526.[23]
Mundus is next mentioned as a commander of the Gepids and
Notes
- mod. zhū "pearl".[9]
References
- ^ a b Krautschik 2010, p. 763.
- ^ a b c Tinnefeld 2006.
- ^ Doerfer 1973, pp. 36–37.
- ^ Pritsak 1982, pp. 438–439, 453.
- ^ Karlgren 1957, p. 53.
- ^ Zheng Zhang (Chinese: 鄭張), Shang-fang (Chinese: 尚芳). 璊. ytenx.org [韻典網] (in Chinese). Rearranged by BYVoid.
- ^ Karlgren 1957, p. 68.
- ^ Zheng Zhang (Chinese: 鄭張), Shang-fang (Chinese: 尚芳). 珠. ytenx.org [韻典網] (in Chinese). Rearranged by BYVoid
- ^ Pritsak 1982, p. 439, 453.
- ^ Pritsak 1982, p. 449–453.
- ^ Maenchen-Helfen 1973, p. 409.
- ^ Schönfeld 1911, p. 169.
- ^ Förstemann 1900, p. 1133.
- ^ a b Krautschik 1989, p. 119.
- ^ Schramm 2013, p. 179.
- ^ Schütte 1933, p. 122.
- ^ a b c d Amory 1997, p. 398.
- ^ Croke 1982, p. 130.
- ^ Theophanes, 6032
- ^ a b Krautschik 2010, p. 764.
- ^ Wozniak, Frank (January 1, 1979). "Byzantine Diplomacy and the Lombard-Gepidic Wars". Balkan Studies. 20 (1): 141 – via OJS / PKP.
- ^ a b c d Amory 1997, p. 397.
- ^ Krautschik 2010, pp. 764–765.
- ^ a b Krautschik 2010, p. 397.
- ^ Amory 1997, pp. 397–398.
Bibliography
Primary sources
- Procopius, De Bello Persico, Volume I., De Bello Gothico, Volume I. (Project Gutenberg)
- John Malalas, Chronographia
- Theophanes the Confessor, Chronicle
- Marcellinus Comes, Chronicon
Secondary sources
- ISBN 0-521-57151-0.
- Croke, Brian (1982). "Mundo the Gepid: From Freebooter to Roman General". Chiron. 12: 125–136.
- Doerfer, Gerhard (1973). "Zur Sprache der Hunnen". Central Asiatic Journal. 17 (1): 1–50. JSTOR 41927011.
- Förstemann, Ernst (1900). Altdeutsches Namenbuch, Band 1: Personennamen (2 ed.). Bonn.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Karlgren, Bernhard (1957). "Grammata Serica Recensa". Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities (29). Stockholm: 1–332.
- Krautschik, Stefan (1989). "Die Familie der Könige in Spätantike und Frühmittelalter" (PDF). In Chrsysos, Evangelos K.; Scharcz, Andreas (eds.). Das Reich und die Barbaren. Böhlau.
- Krautschik, Stefan (2010) [2002]. "Mundo". Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde. de Gruyter.
- ISBN 9780520015968.
- JSTOR 41036005.
- Schönfeld, Moritz (1911). Wörterbuch der altgermanischen Personen- und Völkernamen. Carl Winter's Universitätsverlag.
- Schramm, Gottfried (2013). "Aufsätze über einzelne Personennamen". Zweigliedrige Personennamen der Germanen Ein Bildetyp als gebrochener Widerschein früher Heldenlieder. de Gruyter. pp. 169–260.
- Schütte, Gudmund (1933). "Spätgotische Schlussvokale". Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum und deutsche Literatur. 70 (1/2): 121–124. JSTOR 20653402.
- Tinnefeld, Franz (2006). "Mundo". Brill's New Pauly Online. Translated by Gentry, Francis G. Brill. .