Mycena leptocephala

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Mycena leptocephala
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Mycenaceae
Genus: Mycena
Species:
M. leptocephala
Binomial name
Mycena leptocephala
(
Gillet
Synonyms[1]

Agaricus leptocephalus Pers. (1800)
Agaricus alcalinus subsp. leptocephalus (Pers.) Pers. (1821)
Mycena alcalina var. chlorinella J.E.Lange (1914)
Mycena chlorinella (J.E.Lange) Singer (1936)

Mycena leptocephala
saprotrophic
Edibility is unknown

Mycena leptocephala, commonly known as the nitrous bonnet, is a species of

conifer needles, cones and sticks on the forest floor. It has a distinctive odor of bleach; the edibility is unknown. Similar species include Mycena alcalina, M. austera, and M. brevipes
.

Taxonomy

The species was first called Agaricus leptocephalus by

Maas Geesteranus.[7]

Mycena leptocephala is

classified in the section Fragilipedes of the genus Mycena, along with other similar-looking mushrooms, such as M. aetites, M. austera, M. parca, and M. aronsenii. Some of these have a nitrous smell similar to M. leptocephala.[8]

The

specific epithet leptocephala is derived from the Greek λεπτος leptos, "thin" and κεφαλη kephale, "head",[9] and refers to the delicate cap.[10] The mushroom is commonly known as the "nitrous bonnet".[11]

Description

The distantly-spaced, pallid gills have an ascending-adnate attachment to the stem, and one or two tiers of interspersed lamellulae.

The cap of M. leptocephala is 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) in diameter, and initially a fat conical shape with the margin pressed close to the stem. As the cap expands, it becomes broadly conic to convex, sometimes broadly bell-shaped, and sometimes convex with a flaring margin. The cap surface has a whitish sheen because of its pruinose coating. The coating gradually sloughs off, leaving the surface smooth and moist. The cap shows radial grooves that outline the position of the gills underneath. Its color is initially dusky brownish-gray to blackish (after the pruinose coating has sloughed off), soon fading from dark to light gray and finally ashy-gray. The flesh is thin and fragile, grayish, and has a slightly sour (acidulous) taste, and a weakly alkaline odor that strengthens in intensity if the flesh is crushed. The gills are narrow, equal in width throughout, ascending-adnate (the gills attach at much less than a right angle, appearing to curve upward toward stem) and toothed. They are subdistantly spaced, with 18–27 gills reaching the stem, and one or two tiers of lamellulae (short gills that do not extend fully from the cap edge to the stem) interspersed between them. The color of the gills is pallid or cinereous, with pallid and even edges. The stem is 3–8 cm (1–3 in) long,[12] 1–2 mm thick, equal in width throughout, hollow, and very fragile. It is usually bluish-black initially (darker than the cap) but gradually turns sordid brownish-gray, and finally fades to pallid or cinereous. The surface is densely white-pruinose overall, but soon polished and translucent when the pruinose coating wears off. The stem base is nearly smooth to rather densely white-strigose.[13] The species has a distinctive bleach-like odor.[14] Its edibility is currently unknown,[15] but it is too small to be of interest.[12]

Microscopic characteristics

The spores are broadly ellipsoid.

The

cystidia on the face of a gill) are scattered, rare or absent, 30–44 by 9–13 μm, variable in shape, fusoid-ventricose to club-shaped, with some having a forked apex. The pleurocystidia that are club-shaped occasionally have two or three finger-like prolongations. The cheilocystidia (cystidia on the gill edge) are numerous, and similar in morphology to the pleurocystidia. The flesh of the gill is homogenous, composed of enlarged hyphae that stain vinaceous-brown in iodine. The flesh of the cap has a well-differentiated pellicle, the cells of which bear numerous rodlike prolongations. The hypoderm (a layer of tissue immediately below the pellicle) is well-formed, while the remaining tissue is floccose; all but the pellicle are vinaceous-brown in iodine stain.[13]

Similar species

M. alcalina is a lookalike species.

The "stump fairy helmet" Mycena alcalina is a common species that is similar in appearance and odor to M. leptocephala. However, it grows on conifer wood and rarely on the ground. Microscopically, it has numerous cystidia on the gill edges.[17] Although M. leptocephala usually has a weaker alkaline odor and a more fragile stem, the strength of the odor of M. alcalina is also quite variable,[18] so differences in odor cannot be used as the sole distinguishing characteristic. M. austera, described from southern Norway in 1994, differs from M. leptocephala by the lack of a nitrous odor, and differently shaped cheilocystidia and terminal cells of the cortical layer of the stem.[19] Alexander H. Smith considers M. brevipes close to M. leptocephala, but the former mushroom has a short stem up to 3.5 cm (1.4 in) long, typically grows singly, and lacks an odor.[20]

Other similar species include M. stipata and M. capillaripes.[12]

Habitat and distribution

Mycena leptocephala is a

saprobic species,[21] meaning it derives nutrients from the breakdown of organic matter. Fruit bodies are found growing scattered to gregarious on fallen sticks and on needle carpets under conifers, and are rather common during early summer and again in the autumn.[13] Fruit bodies may be infected by the bonnet mold Spinellus fusiger.[22]

In North America, the fungus is found in Canada (

Jilin Province, China.[29] The fungus is also known from Arctic and Alpine regions such as Iceland, Greenland, and the Murmansk region.[30]

Footnotes

  1. ^ "Mycena leptocephala (Pers.) Gillet 1876". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
  2. ^ Persoon CH. (1800). Icones et Descriptiones Fungorum Minus Cognitorum (in Latin). Vol. 2. Leipzig, Germany: Breitkopf-Haerteliani. pp. 27–60.
  3. ^ Gillet CC. (1874). Les Hyménomycètes ou Description de tous les Champignons qui Croissent en France (in French). France: Alençon. p. 267.
  4. ^ Fries EM. (1821). Systema Mycologicum. Vol. 1. Mauritius. p. 143.
  5. ^ Lange JE. (1914). "Studies in the Agarics of Denmark. Part I. Mycena". Dansk Botanisk Arkiv. 1 (5): 1–40.
  6. ^ Singer R. (1936). "Bemerkungen über einige Basidiomyceten". Annales Mycologici (in German). 34: 423–34.
  7. ISSN 0023-3374
    .
  8. ^ a b Aronsen A. "Mycena leptocephala (Pers.) Gillet". A key to the Mycenas of Norway. Archived from the original on 2010-01-14. Retrieved 2010-10-03.
  9. ^ Rea C. (1922). British Basidiomycetae: A Handbook to the Larger British Fungi. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 387.
  10. ^
    ISBN 9780543913883
    .
  11. ^ "Recommended English Names for Fungi in the UK" (PDF). British Mycological Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-16.
  12. ^
    OCLC 797915861
    .
  13. ^ a b c d e Smith, pp. 241–44.
  14. ISBN 0-89815-169-4
    . Retrieved 2009-09-26.
  15. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2010.04.009
    .
  16. JSTOR 2435962
    .
  17. ^ Kuo M (December 2010). "Mycena leptocephala". MushroomExpert.Com. Retrieved 2011-07-13.
  18. ISBN 0-395-91090-0
    .
  19. ISSN 0031-5850
    .
  20. JSTOR 3754294
    .
  21. ^
    ISSN 0771-9884
    .
  22. ^ Jing M, Tolgor B. "Observation of morphology of Spinellus fusiger". Journal of Fungal Research. 6 (1): 4–6.
  23. JSTOR 3753736
    .
  24. JSTOR 4115784
    .
  25. ^ Willis JH. (1952–54). "Land Flora". Expedition to the Archipelago of the Recherche, Western Australia (Report). Australian Geographical Society reports. Australian Geographical Society. p. 31.
  26. ^ Llimona X, Blanco MN, Dueñas M, Gorris M, Gràcia E, Hoyo P, Llistosella J, Marti J, Martín MP, Muntañola-Cvetkovic M, Quadrada R, Rocabruna A, Salcedo I, Sierra D, Tabarés M, Vila J (1978). "Els fongs de Catalunya occidental segons les prospeccions recents. II" [The fungi of occidental Catalonia after recent prospections. II]. Acta Botanica Barcinonensia (in Portuguese). 46: 5–29.
  27. ISSN 0971-9393
    .
  28. PMID 23956632
    .
  29. ISSN 1672-3538
    .
  30. ISBN 9788763512770.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: location (link
    )

Cited text

  • Smith AH. (1947). North American species of Mycena. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

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