Mycetoma

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Mycetoma
Infectious diseases
SymptomsTriad: painless firm skin lump, multiple weeping sinuses, grainy discharge[1]
Usual onsetSlowly progressive[1]
Types
fine needle aspiration[1]

Mycetoma is a chronic infection in the skin caused by either bacteria (actinomycetoma) or fungi (eumycetoma), typically resulting in a triad of painless firm skin lumps, the formation of weeping sinuses, and a discharge that contains grains.[1] 80% occur in feet.[1]

Most eumycetoma is caused by M. mycetomatis, whereas most actinomycetoma is caused by N. brasiliensis, S. somaliensis, A. madurae and Actinomadura pelletieri.[1] People who develop mycetoma likely have a weakened immune system.[1] It can take between 3 months to 50 years from time of infection to first seeking healthcare advice.[1]

Diagnosis requires

fine needle aspiration.[1]

While most cases of mycetoma occur in Sudan, Venezuela, Mexico, and India, its true prevalence and incidence are not well-known.[2][3] It appears most frequently in people living in rural areas, particularly in farmers and shepherds, who are often men between 20 and 40 years earning the primary incomes for their families.[1] It has been reported since 1840.[4] Noteworthy, the diagnosis of mycetoma in non-endemic or low endemic areas as Europe and North Africa is challenging.[5][6] Physicians in these areas are usually unfamiliar with the disease-specific manifestations and need to exercise extra vigilance regarding those patients who are at high risk of contracting mycetoma infections.[7] Recent evidence suggests that Egypt, which borders sub-Saharan Africa, is a low-endemic country.[5] Additionally, recent evidence suggests that Pakistan, which borders India, is a moderate-endemic country.[8] Unlike bacterial acute hematogenous osteomyelitis and septic arthritis, misdiagnosed or delayed diagnosis of mycetoma osteomyelitis can result in amputation or radical resection.[5] The disease is listed by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a neglected tropical disease.[3]

Risk

Frequent exposure to penetrating wounds by thorns or splinters is a risk factor.[9] This risk can be reduced by disinfecting wounds and wearing shoes.[10]

Pathogenesis

Mycetoma is caused by common

saprotrophs found in the soil and on thorny shrubs in semi-desert climates.[10] Some common causative agents are:[11]

Infection is caused as a result of localized skin trauma, such as stepping on a needle or wood splinter, or through a pre-existing wound.[10]

The first visible symptom of mycetoma is a typically painless swelling beneath the skin; over several years, this will grow to a nodule (lump).[9] Affected people will experience massive swelling and hardening of the area, in addition to skin rupture and the formation of sinus tracts that discharge pus and grains filled with organisms.[9] In many instances, the underlying bone is affected.[12][10] Some people with mycetoma will not experience pain or discomfort, while others will report itching and/or pain.[9]

Diagnosis

There are currently no rapid diagnostic tools for mycetoma.[3] Mycetoma is diagnosed through microscopic examination of the grains in the nodule and by analysis of cultures.[10] Since the bacterial form and the fungal form of mycetoma infection of the foot share similar clinical and radiological features, diagnosis can be a challenge.[2] Magnetic resonance imaging is a very valuable diagnostic tool. However, its results should be closely correlated with the clinical, laboratory and pathological findings.[12][13]

Treatment

Currently, itraconazole is used for the treatment of mycetoma. Recent research found fosravuconazole can also be used to treat the disease.[14]

While treatment will vary depending on the cause of the condition, it may include

antibiotics or antifungal medication.[9] Actinomycetoma, the bacterial form, can be cured with antibiotics.[2] Eumycetoma, the fungal form, is treated with antifungals.[13] Surgery in the form of bone resection may be necessary in late presenting cases or to enhance the effects of medical treatment.[12] In the more extensive cases amputation is another surgical treatment option.[15][10] For both forms, extended treatment is necessary.[2]

Epidemiology

Human mycetoma in India in 2013[4]

Mycetoma is endemic in some regions of the tropics and subtropics.[1] India, sub-Saharan Africa as Sudan, and Mexico are most affected.[1][16] Pakistan is probably a moderate-endemic country.[8] Sporadic cases have been reported across some North African countries.[17] Egypt is probably a low-endemic country.[5]

Other animals

In cats, mycetoma can be treated with complete surgical removal. Antifungal drugs are rarely effective.[18]

References

  1. ^
    PMID 26738840
    .
  2. ^
    PMID 25330342
    .
  3. ^
    PMID 24675533
    .
  4. ^
    PMID 24244780
    .
  5. ^
    PMID 36084235
    .
  6. PMID 24963778
    .
  7. S2CID 241887330
    .
  8. ^
    PMID 35905141
    .
  9. ^ a b c d e "Mycetoma". Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD). National Institutes of Health. Retrieved 2018-04-17.
  10. ^ a b c d e f RESERVED, INSERM US14 -- ALL RIGHTS. "Orphanet: Mycetoma". www.orpha.net. Retrieved 2018-04-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  11. S2CID 44123860
    .
  12. ^
    PMID 26483983
    .
  13. ^
    PMID 31918687
    .
  14. ^ Johnson, Sarah (23 November 2023). "Cheap over-the-counter nail drug found to work on crippling flesh-eating disease". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  15. PMID 28167862
    .
  16. PMID 33728466
    .
  17. PMID 20734597
    .
  18. ^ Eldredge, Debra M.; Carlson, Delbert G.; Carlson, Liisa D.; Giffin, James M. (2008). Cat Owner's Home Veterinary Handbook. Howell Book House. p. 160.

External links

  • DermNet NZ: an online resource about skin diseases from the New Zealand Dermatological Society Incorporated.
  • Orphanet: a reference portal from Europe that provides information on rare diseases and orphan drugs.
  • ClinicalTrials.gov: a list of clinical trials related to mycetoma.
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