Nakhon Si Thammarat

Coordinates: 8°26′11″N 99°57′47″E / 8.43639°N 99.96306°E / 8.43639; 99.96306
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about City Municipality. For other uses, see Nakhon Si Thammarat (disambiguation).
"Ligor" redirects here. For the earlier kingdom also known by this name, see Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom.

Nakhon Si Thammarat
นครศรีธรรมราช
Municipality
Nakhon Si Thammarat City Municipality
เทศบาลนครนครศรีธรรมราช
Ratchadamnoen Rd. , Nakhon Si Thammarat
Ratchadamnoen Rd. , Nakhon Si Thammarat
ICT)
Postcode
80000
Calling ode075
Websitewww.nakhoncity.org

Nakhon Si Thammarat (

thesaban nakhon) located in Mueang Nakhon Si Thammarat, the capital of Nakhon Si Thammarat Province. Nakhon Si Thammarat Province is situated in the South of Thailand. It is about 610 km (380 mi) south of Bangkok, on the east coast of the Malay Peninsula. The city was the administrative centre of Southern Thailand during most of its history. Originally, a coastal city, silting moved the coastline away from the city. The city has a much larger north to south extension than west to east, which dates back to its original location on a flood-save dune. The modern city centre on the train station is north of Old Town. As of 2019, the city had a population of 102,152.[1]

Toponymy

Sri; Thamma, from Dharma; rat, from Raja. Dhammaraja means "righteous ruler", an important Theravada
concept.

History

Further information: Chi Tu, Tambralinga, and Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom

Nakhon Si Thammarat is one of the oldest cities in Thailand with a rich history. The earliest settlement in the vicinity of the city was Tha Rua, about ten kilometers south of the modern city, where ceramics from the

Mahayanist
Srivijaya thalassocracy.

The Chronicles of Nakorn Si Thammarat, composed in the seventeenth century, attributed the foundation of current city of Nakhon Si Thammarat to King Sri Thammasok in the thirteenth century. An inscription found at Chaiya stated that King Sri Thammasok ruled Tambralinga in 1231. King Sri Thammasok constructed

mandala system
.

Nakhon Si Thammarat was further incorporated into Ayutthaya, who appointed governors to the city, through centralization under King Trailokanat in the fifteenth century. Nakhon Si Thammarat served as the main seat of Siamese authority over Southern Thailand and the Malay Peninsula, becoming Muang Ek or first-level city. Nakhon Si Thammarat was known of Western sources as "Ligor". Yamada Nagamasa, the Japanese adventurer, was appointed as the governor of Ligor in 1629. In the 1680s, during the reign of King Narai, M. de Lamare the French architect renovated the city walls.[2] After the Siamese revolution of 1688, the governor of Ligor rebelled against the new King Phetracha. King Phetracha sent troops to put down rebels in Ligor in 1692. The powers of the governors of Ligor was then curbed and Ligor was put under the authority of Samuha Kalahom the Prime Minister of Southern Siam.

After the

Hatyai
in modern times.

After Nakhon Noi, his son and grandson became respective governors of Nakhon Si Thammarat. During the reforms of

King Chulalongkorn, the traditional governorship of Ligor was abolished and the city was incorporated into the Monthon Nakhon Si Thammarat 1896. When the monthon
system was abolished in 1932, the town became a provincial capital.

Climate

Nakhon Si Thammarat has a

trade winds but experiences a few cyclones
so is not purely equatorial but subequatorial. Temperatures remain very warm to hot throughout the year. While some rain falls in all months, it is drier in February and March when about 90 millimetres (3.5 in) of rain falls in each month, and wetter in October to December when very heavy rain may fall; November sees 631 millimetres (24.8 in) of rain on average each year.

Climate data for Nakhon Si Thammarat (1991–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 34.4
(93.9) 		35.5
(95.9) 		37.6
(99.7) 		38.9
(102.0) 		38.1
(100.6) 		37.8
(100.0) 		38.5
(101.3) 		37.6
(99.7) 		37.7
(99.9) 		35.8
(96.4) 		35.4
(95.7) 		32.7
(90.9) 		38.9
(102.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 30.5
(86.9) 		31.6
(88.9) 		32.9
(91.2) 		34.0
(93.2) 		34.3
(93.7) 		34.1
(93.4) 		33.8
(92.8) 		33.8
(92.8) 		33.2
(91.8) 		31.9
(89.4) 		30.4
(86.7) 		29.9
(85.8) 		32.5
(90.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) 26.1
(79.0) 		26.6
(79.9) 		27.5
(81.5) 		28.4
(83.1) 		28.4
(83.1) 		28.3
(82.9) 		28.0
(82.4) 		27.9
(82.2) 		27.4
(81.3) 		26.8
(80.2) 		26.3
(79.3) 		25.9
(78.6) 		27.3
(81.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 22.3
(72.1) 		22.1
(71.8) 		22.7
(72.9) 		23.6
(74.5) 		24.1
(75.4) 		24.0
(75.2) 		23.8
(74.8) 		23.6
(74.5) 		23.4
(74.1) 		23.2
(73.8) 		23.0
(73.4) 		22.6
(72.7) 		23.2
(73.8)
Record low °C (°F) 18.0
(64.4) 		17.6
(63.7) 		18.3
(64.9) 		20.2
(68.4) 		21.1
(70.0) 		19.6
(67.3) 		20.1
(68.2) 		20.8
(69.4) 		20.0
(68.0) 		20.6
(69.1) 		18.9
(66.0) 		18.0
(64.4) 		17.6
(63.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 262.3
(10.33) 		77.0
(3.03) 		138.8
(5.46) 		107.0
(4.21) 		159.9
(6.30) 		120.4
(4.74) 		117.2
(4.61) 		135.0
(5.31) 		155.7
(6.13) 		285.7
(11.25) 		637.5
(25.10) 		511.1
(20.12) 		2,707.6
(106.60)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 11.1 4.4 6.0 6.8 12.2 10.1 10.7 12.2 13.7 17.3 19.7 16.7 140.9
Average
relative humidity
(%) 		84.0 80.8 80.1 79.8 80.7 79.3 78.9 79.0 82.0 85.6 87.5 86.2 92.0
Mean monthly sunshine hours 179.8 180.8 201.5 183.0 155.0 150.0 155.0 114.7 108.0 108.5 105.0 142.6 1,783.9
Mean daily sunshine hours 5.8 6.4 6.5 6.1 5.0 5.0 5.0 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.5 4.6 4.9
Source 1: World Meteorological Organization[8]
Source 2: Office of Water Management and Hydrology, Royal Irrigation Department (sun 1981–2010)[9](extremes)[10]

Administration

Subdistrict Comm. People Househ.
Nai Mueang 20 42,398 18,832
Pho Sadet 18 24,664 11,052
Khlang 11 17,040 8,226
Tha Wang 13 16,854 7,563
Nakian 1 1,196 472

Nakhon Si Thammarat was established as a sanitation (sukhaphiban) on 5 September 1913, with an area of 3.0 km2.[11] The sanitation changed to town municipality (thesaban mueang) on 11 December 1935.[12] The municipality was increased to 11.72 km2. on 10 November 1965,[13] and up to 22.56 km2. on 10 December 1993.[14] The status was upgraded to city municipality (thesaban nakhon) on 25 August 1994.[15] The administration consists of five subdistricts, 63 communities, 102,152 people in 46,145 households.

Points of interest

Wat Phra Mahathat

Main article: Wat Phra Mahathat
Chedi Phra Baromathat, constructed by King Sri Thammasok of Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom in the thirteenth century.

Vihaan (Thai วัดพระมหาธาตุวรมหาวิหาร) is the most important temple of Nakhon Si Thammarat and southern Thailand. It was constructed at the time of the founding of the town, and contains a tooth relic of Buddha. The 78 m high chedi is surrounded by 173 smaller ones. While the chedi is now in Sri Lankan style, it is said to be built on top of an earlier Srivijaya
style chedi. The chedi was renovated in early 2009 and now appears like new.

At the base of the chedi is a gallery named Viharn Tap Kaset, decorated with many Buddha statues and elephant heads emerging from the chedi. Viharn Phra Song Ma are the buildings which contain the staircase which leads to a walkway around the chedi above the gallery. At the bottom of the staircase are demon giants (yak) as guardians. Adjoining to the north is the Viharn Kien, which contains a small temple museum.

South of the chedi is the large

ubosot building, the Viharn Luang. Monk living quarters
are across the street in a separate temple, Wat Na Phra Boromathat.

The chedi is the symbol of the Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, present on the seal of the province. It is also displayed on the 25 satang coin.

  • Temple in Si Thammarat
    Temple in Si Thammarat
  • Reclining Buddha statue in Si Thammarat
    Reclining Buddha statue in Si Thammarat
  • Northern Gate; renovated by M. de Lamare the French architect in the 1680s.
    Northern Gate; renovated by M. de Lamare the French architect in the 1680s.

City wall

The city chronicle mentions a fortification when the town was refounded in 1278. Restorations were recorded at the time of King Ramesuan (14th century), as well as King Narai (1686). The latter was supported by the French engineer M. de la Mare.

The walls spread 456 m from east to west, and 2238 m north to south, thus enclosing an area of about one square kilometre. The northern wall had only one gate, called Prathu Chai Nua or Prathu Chai Sak. The southern wall had only one gate. To the east there were three gates, which connected the town with the sea. To the west were five gates. Today only the northern gate still exists, together with a short stretch of the northern city wall.

The Wall of the City of Nakhon Si Thammarat

Education

Ratchadamnoen St, Nakhon Si Thammarat downtown

Nakhon Si Thammarat has two universities: Walailak University (the largest university in Thailand) and Nakhon Si Thammarat Rajaphat University.

Vocational Colleges in the city include:

  • Nakhon Si Thammarat has numerous vocational colleges
  • Nakhon Si Thammaratt Technical College (Technic)
  • Nakhon Si Thammarat Vocational college (Acheewa)
Nakhon Si Thammarat Railway Station

While secondary schools in Nakhon Si Thammarat includes three large schools: Benjamarachutit School and Kanlayanee Si Thammarat School

, both public secondary schools serving grades 7 to 12, and Sithammarat Suksa School, the largest private pre-kindergarten that serves students through grade 12.

Sithammarat Suksa School is the largest kindergarten and primary school which offers nursery-grade 6 classes on all three campuses in the city. They also offer the largest English program housed on a separate campus. Sithammart Suksa is often referred to as "Sirat" "AMC" or "EP AMC".

Several kindergarten and primary schools in the area include: Anuban Na Nakhon Utit School is a government-run school with kindergarten through grade 6. The school operates both Thai and English programmes.

Culture

References

  1. ^ a b "รายงานสถิติจำนวนประชากรและบ้านประจำปี พ.ศ.2562" [Statistics, population and house statistics for the year 2019]. Registration Office Department of the Interior, Ministry of the Interior (in Thai). 31 December 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2020, archiving is not necessary because DOPA provides data from 1993 to future years.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  2. ^ a b Munro-Hay, Stuart C. (2001). Nakhon Sri Thammarat: The Archeology, History and Legends of a Southern Thai Town. White Lotus Press.
  3. ^ Jacq-Hergoualc’h, Michel (24 December 2018). The Malay Peninsula: Crossroads of the Maritime Silk Road (100 BC - 1300 AD). BRILL.
  4. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1
    .
  5. ^ a b Montesano, Michael John (2008). Thai South and Malay North: Ethnic Interactions on a Plural Peninsula. NUS Press.
  6. ^ Keat, Gin Ooi (2004). Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor. ABC-CLIO.
  7. ^ John Bowring (1857). The Kingdom and People of Siam with a Narrative of the Mission to that Country in 1855. J. W. Parker.
  8. ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
  9. ^ "ปริมาณการใช้น้ำของพืชอ้างอิงโดยวิธีของ Penman Monteith (Reference Crop Evapotranspiration by Penman Monteith)" (PDF) (in Thai). Office of Water Management and Hydrology, Royal Irrigation Department. p. 111. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  10. ^ "Climatological Data for the Period 1981–2010". Thai Meteorological Department. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  11. ^ "ประกาศใช้พระราชบัญญัติศุขาภิบาล นครศรีธรรมราช ร.ศ.๑๒๙" [Announcement of the Sanitation Act Re: Nakhon Si Thammarat Rattanakosin Era 129 (1913)] (PDF). Royal Thai Government Gazette. 27: 62–64. 4 September 1913. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2020, effectively on 5 September 1913{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  12. ^ "พระราชกฤษฎีกา จัดตั้งเทศบาลเมืองครรศรีธรรมราช จังหวัดนครศรีธรรมราช พ.ศ.๒๔๗๘" [Royal Decree Establish of Nakhon Si Thammarat Town Municipality, Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, B.E.2478 (1935)] (PDF). Royal Thai Government Gazette. 52: 1687–1691. 10 December 1935. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2020, effectively on 11 December 1935{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  13. ^ "พระราชกฤษฎีกา เปลี่ยนเปลงเขตเทศบาลเมืองนครศรีธรรมราช จังหวัดนครศรีธรรมราช พ.ศ.๒๕0๘" [Royal Decree Change Territory of Nakhon Si Thammarat Town Municipality, Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, B.E.2508 (1965)] (PDF). Royal Thai Government Gazette. 82 (96): 1061–1065. 9 November 1965. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 January 2012. Retrieved 10 April 2020, effectively on 10 November 1965{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  14. ^ "พระราชกฤษฎีกา เปลี่ยนเปลงเขตเทศบาลเมืองนครศรีธรรมราช จังหวัดนครศรีธรรมราช (ฉบับที่ ๒) พ.ศ.๒๕0๖" [Royal Decree Change Territory of Nakhon Si Thammarat Town Municipality, Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, (Issue 2) B.E.2536 (1993)] (PDF). Royal Thai Government Gazette. 110 (207): 37–40. 9 December 1993. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 10 April 2020, effectively on 10 December 1993{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  15. ^ "พระราชกฤษฎีกา จัดตั้งเทศบาลนครนครศรีธรรมราช จังหวัดนครศรีธรรมราช พ.ศ. ๒๕๓๗" [Royal Decree of Nakhon Si Thammarat City Municipality, Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, Buddhist Era 2537 (1994)] (PDF). Royal Thai Government Gazette. 111 (36 Kor): 30–34. 24 August 1994. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 June 2012. Retrieved 10 April 2020, effectively on 25 August 1994{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)

Sources

  • Stuart Munro-Hay. Nakhon Sri Thammarat – The Archaeology, History and Legends of a Southern Thai Town.
    ISBN 974-7534-73-8

External links
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