Ninjas in popular culture
In the
History
The ninja first entered popular culture in the Edo period. In modern Japan, ninja are a national myth that stems from folk tales and continues through modern day popular culture.[1] Though many Japanese warriors performed amazing feats, there is no evidence that any of them were supernatural. Some of the folk tales are based on historical figures, such as a daimyō (lord) challenging a ninja to prove his worth by stealing his pillow or weapon while he slept.[2]: 14
Legendary abilities
This section needs additional citations for verification. (January 2021) |
Perceived control over the elements may be grounded in real tactics, which were categorized by association with forces of nature. For example, the practice of starting fires in order to cover a ninja's trail falls under katon-no-jutsu ("fire techniques").[3]
The ninja's adaption of kites in espionage and warfare is another subject of legends. Accounts exist of ninja being lifted into the air by kites, where they flew over hostile terrain and descended into or dropped bombs on enemy territory.[4] Kites were indeed used in Japanese warfare, but mostly for the purpose of sending messages and relaying signals.[5]: 257 Turnbull suggests that kites lifting a man into midair might have been technically feasible, but states that the use of kites to form a human "hang glider" falls squarely in the realm of fantasy.[2]: 22–23
Kuji-kiri
The kuji ("nine characters") is a concept originating from
Later, the use of kuji passed onto certain
Modern popular culture
In modern popular culture, there were three major "ninja booms" in the 20th century, the first two booms largely limited to
In North America, the success of
Around 1980, several American companies took notice of the "ninja craze" in Japan and were planning to capitalize on it with their own ninja-themed productions targeting the North American market. In March 1981,
Many forms of ninja-themed merchandise were sold across North America during the early-to-mid-1980s, with American children replacing cowboy costumes for ninja costumes.[12] It became a trend for items to be branded with the word "ninja" to generate more sales. For example, Parfums de Coeur introduced a perfume called Ninja which generated US$20,000,000 (equivalent to $67,000,000 in 2023) in sales over several years up until 1985, and the Kawasaki Ninja series of motorbikes were introduced in 1984.[15]
Some of the largest ninja-themed international media franchises include Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (comic book debuted in 1984, animated series in 1987) and Naruto (manga debuted in 1999, anime series in 2002).[25][26]
1998 East Java ninja scare
The 1998 East Java ninja scare was an outbreak of
Armed groups
Several real life paramilitary, police and militia groups use the names "Ninja" or "Ninjas":
- The Santomean special-police force of the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe, officially known as the Emergency Police, are popularly known as Ninja.[28]
- Rebels in the
- The Red Berets, a Croatian Serb rebel paramilitary group of Dragan Vasiljković based in Knin, Croatia, called themselves "Kninjas".[30] During the early 1990s, the Kninjas were the subject of a Serbian comic-book series.[31][32]
- Although some death squads active during the Indonesian occupation of East Timor called themselves "Ninja", the name was apparently borrowed from film rather than the Japanese model.[33] "Ninja" gangs were also active elsewhere in Indonesia.[34]
- During the Algerian Civil War, the government's commando units were known as "Ninja" because of their black hoods.[35]
- The FBI's Hostage Rescue Team have been nicknamed "Ninjas".[36]
Other
According to
In information technology, "cyber ninja" are sophisticated counter-hackers.[42]
Business
Iga Ueno Ninja Festa, the annual ninja festival in Iga in the former province of Iga, has had ninja-inspired performances, competitions and opportunities to practice ninja skills since 1964.[43]
Attractions
Other ninja attractions in Japan include the Koga Ninja Village and Kogaryu Ninjutsu Yashiki (Ninja Houses) in Koga-gun,
Examples
Commercials
- Honda Hurricane ("Hiding Ninja") (1986).[44]
- Miller Lite ("Bruce Piscopo") (1987).[45]
- Diet Coke ("Ninja") (1987).[46] and ("Train") (1988).[47]
- Puma ("Holiday Heroes" spot 1) (2006).[48] and ("Holiday Heroes" spot 2) (2006).[49]
- GEICO ("Is the Pen Mightier Than the Sword?") (2011).[50]
- Honda Civic ("Ninja") (2011).[51][52]
- Nicorette (2011).[53]
- HB-101 ("Flying Ninja") (2014).[54] and ("It's a Miracle!") (2014).[55][56]
- Alior Sync bank.[57]
- Anime Network.[58]
- Bombay Sapphire.[59]
- Clamato[60]
- FedEx.[61]
- Free Realms.[62]
- Mitsubishi UFJ Securities.[63]
- MyHome.ie [64]
- Nike.[65]
- Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection.[66]
- Oregon Lottery.[67]
- Sure.[68]
Documentaries
- Unsolved History - Ninjas (2004).[71]
- Shinobi - Winds of the 34 Generations (2006).[72]
- MythBusters
- Walking on Water (2007).[73]
- Myth Revolution (2007).[74]
- Ninjas 2 (2008).[75]
- Cities of the Underworld - A-Bomb Underground (2008).[76]
- Deadliest Warrior - Spartan vs Ninja (2009).[77]
- The Search for Historical Ninjutsu (2011).[78]
- Ninja Shadow Warriors (2012).[79]
- Japanology Plus - Ninja (2014).[80]
- Ninja Truth (2018- ).[81]
- Bura Tamori 158「伊賀忍者~なぜ伊賀は“NINJA”の里になったのか?~」 (2019).[82]
- Journeys in Japan「伊賀 忍者の里」 (2019).[83]
- The Man Who Killed The Ninja (2020).[84]
Film
Games
Video games
In addition to video games, several game-development companies use "ninja" in their name: Ninja Studio, Ninja Theory, Ninjaforce, NinjaKiwi, and Team Ninja. In massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs), "ninja", "loot ninja" or "ninja looter" pejoratively describes a player who has stolen something from another player.[citation needed]
Traditional games
- Betrayers of Kamigawa).[85]
Literature
Novels
Ninja-themed novels include:
- Sarutobi Sasuke series (1911-1925)[86][87]
- Yagyū Ichizoku no Inbō novels by Yoshihiro Matsunaga (松永義弘)
- Nicholas Linnear novels by Eric Van Lustbader[90]
- The Ninja (1980)
- The Miko (1984)
- White Ninja (1990)
- The Kaisho (1993)
- Floating City (1994)
- Second Skin (1995)
- The Death and Life of Nicholas Linnear (2014) [e-book short story]
- The Oligarch's Daughter (2016) [e-book short story]
- Brett Wallace: Ninja Master novels by Wade Barker
- Ninja Master series[91]
- Vengeance is His (1981)
- Mountain of Fear (1981)
- Borderland of Hell (1982)
- Million-Dollar Massacre (1982)
- Black Magician (1982)
- Death's Door (1982)
- The Skin Swindle (1983)
- Only the Good Die (1983)
- Year of the Ninja Master series[92]
- Dragon Rising: Spring (1985)
- Lion's Fire: Summer (1985)
- Serpent's Eye: Autumn (1985)
- Phoenix Sword: Winter (1986)
- War of the Ninja Master series[93]
- War of the Ninja Master: The Kohga Ritual (1988)
- War of the Ninja Master: The Shibo Discipline (1988)
- War of the Ninja Master: The Himitsu Attack (1988)
- War of the Ninja Master: The Zakka Slaughter (1988)
- Ninja Master series[91]
- Tulku, a Tale of Modern Ninja (1985) by American ninjutsu practitioner Stephen K. Hayes.[94]
- Shimabara (1986) by Douglass Bailey [95]
- Vineland (1990) by Thomas Pynchon.[96]
- Batman: The Dragon and the Bat (1994) by Geary Gravel.[97] [novelization of "Night of the Ninja" and "Day of the Samurai" from Batman: The Animated Series.]
- Zorro and the Dragon Riders by David Bergantino (1999).[98]
- Blue Fingers: A Ninja's Tale (2004)
- Young Samurai novels by Chris Bradford.[99]
- Young Samurai: The Way of the Warrior (2008)
- Young Samurai: The Way of the Sword (2009)
- Young Samurai: The Way of Fire (2012) [e-book short story set between books 2 and 3]
- Young Samurai: The Way of the Dragon (2010)
- Young Samurai: The Ring of Earth (2010)
- Young Samurai: The Ring of Water (2011)
- Young Samurai: The Ring of Fire (2011)
- Young Samurai: The Ring of Wind (2012)
- Young Samurai: The Ring of Sky (2012)
- Young Samurai: The Return of the Warrior (2019)
- Tsuma-wa, Kunoichi novels by Machio Kazeno (風野真知雄) [100]
- Tsuma-wa Kunoichi (妻は、くノ一) (2008-2011): 10 volumes
- Tsuma-wa Kunoichi: Hebino Maki (妻は、くノ一 蛇之巻) (2013): 3 volumes
- Yin-Yang Code novels by Warren Chaney and Sho Kosugi.[101]
- Yin-Yang Code: The Drums of Tenkai-Bo (2017)
- Yin-Yang Code: Shadow of Tenkai-Bo (2018)
Manga
- Black Lion (Kuro no Shishi).[102]
- Brave10: adaptation of Sanada Ten Braves.[103]
- Kunoichi Hajimemashita!: gag series.[104]
- Naruto.[26]
- Ninja Hattori-kun: manga by Fujiko Fujiko (later Fujiko A. Fujio) serialized from 1964 to 1988.[citation needed]
- Sarutobi Sasuke: manga by Shigeru Sugiura.[105]
- Sasuga no Sarutobi: comedy manga by Fujihiko Hosono about a ninja high school.[106]
- Shōnen Jiraiya: manga by Shigeru Sugiura.[105]
- Tenshi wa Maiorita - Kunoichi Ibun: historical manga series by Ryoichi Ikegami.[107]
- Zannen Kunoichi Den.[108]
The following stories contain at least one ninja character, but are not ninja-themed:
- Planetes: Tanabe's neighbors are ninja.[109]
- Sgt. Frog: One of the main characters, Lance Corporal Dororo/Zeroro is a cute blue male Keronian ninja.
Non-Japanese comics
- The Justice League: Shogun of Steel one-shot substitutes Batman with a Japanese female ninja named Komori (Bat).[110]
- Half Past Danger.[111]
- Zombee.[112]
- G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero characters Storm Shadow and Snake-Eyes, and their family history, as well as Jinx and Cobra Night Creepers and Red Ninjas.[citation needed]
- Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Many characters such as Turtles themselves, the Shredder and Karai are examples of this.[citation needed]
Music
- "Ninja", an American Heavy Metal band from Los Angeles formed before 1985.[113]
- "Ninja", an American Heavy Metal band from New York formed before 1986.[114]
- "Ninja", a German Heavy Metal band formed in 1986.[115]
- "Ninja", a 1986 song by Europe (on "The Final Countdown").[116]
- "Ninja", a 1990 album and song by Christina Aguilar.[117]
- "Inner Ninja", a 2012 song by Classified (on "Classified").[118]
- "Ninjas", a 2017 song by Rey Pila.[119]
- Ninja Crew.[120]
- Built by Ninjas is a music video production group formed by Jaret Reddick and Heath Balderston.[121][122]
- Fans of the rap group Insane Clown Posse, known as juggalos, sometimes refer to themselves as "ninja".[123]
- Members of Momoiro Clover Z dressed as ninja for the music video for "D' no Junjō".[124]
- Rika Adachi performed in a music video based on a song from Naruto.[125]
Sports
- Ninja Chops wrestles in the Naked Women's Wrestling League.[127]
Television
See also
References
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Sarutobi Sasuke precipitated a "ninja boom" among the young throughout the country. Sarutobi is an adolescent superhero who, in addition to his ability to chant incantations, appear and disappear at will, and leap to the top of the highest tree, can hear whispered conversations hundreds of yards away, is superhumanly strong, can ride on clouds, is able to conjure water, fire and wind as well as transform himself into other people and animals.
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Further reading
This 'further reading' section may need cleanup. (May 2018) |
- Adams, Andrew (1970), Ninja: The Invisible Assassins, Black Belt Communications, ISBN 978-0-89750-030-2
- Bunch, Bryan H.; Hellemans, Alexander (2004), The history of science and technology: a browser's guide to the great discoveries, inventions, and the people who made them, from the dawn of time to today, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, ISBN 978-0-618-22123-3
- ISBN 978-0-8048-3675-3
- Crowdy, Terry (2006), The enemy within: a history of espionage, Osprey Publishing, ISBN 978-1-84176-933-2
- Deal, William E. (2007), Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-195331264
- Draeger, Donn F.; Smith, Robert W. (1981), Comprehensive Asian fighting arts, Kodansha, ISBN 978-0-87011-436-6
- Fiévé, Nicolas; Waley, Paul (2003), Japanese capitals in historical perspective: place, power and memory in Kyoto, Edo and Tokyo, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-7007-1409-4
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External links
- (in Japanese) The Ninja Content (archived)
- How Ninja Conquered the World