East Java

Province of Indonesia in eastern Java

Province

East Java Jawa Timur
Province
Province of East Java
Mount Semeru)		3,676 m (12,060 ft)
Population  (mid 2022 estimate)[1]
• Total	41,149,974
• Rank	2nd in Indonesia
• Density	860/km2 (2,200/sq mi)
Demographics
• Ethnic groups	80.69% Javanese 17.53% Madurese 0.66% Chinese 0.15% Batak 0.12% Sundanese 0.85% Others[2]
• Religion	97.26% Islam 1.64% Protestanism 0.66% Roman Catholic 0.25% Hinduism 0.17% Buddhism 0.01% Others (including Kejawen, Kapitayan, etc.)[3]
• Languages	Indonesian (official) Javanese (Surabaya Javanese is co-official in Surabaya) Madurese Osing Tenggerese Kangean
Int$ 13,946 (PPP)
- Growth	5.34%[5]
HDI	0.728 (14th) – high
Website	jatimprov.go.id

East Java (

Banyuwangi is the largest regency in East Java and the largest on the island of Java.^[6]

The province covers an area of 48,036.84 square kilometres (18,547.13 sq mi), and according to the

greater Surabaya metropolitan area.^[9] East Java is inhabited by many different ethnic groups, such as the Javanese, Madurese and Chinese. Most of the people in East Java adheres to Islam, forming around 94% of the total population. Other religions are also practiced, such as Christianity, Buddhism and Confucianism which are mostly practised by Tionghoa people and immigrants from Eastern Indonesia and North Sumatra, and also Hinduism which are practised by the Tenggerese people in the Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park and the Balinese people inhabiting the easternmost part of the province bordering Bali

.

The Indonesian language is the official language of the province as well as the whole nation, but Javanese and Madurese are most frequently used, especially the Surabaya dialect (Javanese: Suroboyoan or Surabayaan — the Javanese dialect of Surabaya) used mainly in the capital Surabaya. Indonesian is only used for inter-ethnic communication and official purposes.

East Java offers different types of tourist attractions. There are a variety of natural attractions, including mountains, beaches, caves, and waterfalls. Almost every regency or city in East Java has its own unique tourist destinations, such as the Ijen volcano in Banyuwangi, Baluran National Park in Situbondo, and Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park.

History

Prehistory

East Java has been inhabited by humans since prehistoric times. This was proven by the discovery of fossils remains of the Pithecanthropus mojokertensis in Kepuhlagen, Mojokerto;^[10] Pithecanthropus erectus on Trinil, Ngawi;^[11] and Homo wajakensis in Wajak, Tulungagung.^[12]

Pre-Islamic era

The Dinoyo inscriptions found near the city of Malang are the oldest written sources in East Java, dating from 760 CE. It tells of many political and cultural events in the Kingdom of Kanjuruhan. The name Malang is thought to come from the name of a sacred building called Malangkuseswara. This name is contained in the Mantyasih inscription written in 907 CE.

In 1222, Ken Arok founded the Kingdom of Singhasari, which he ruled until 1292. Before coming to power, Ken Arok seized power in Tumapel (Kediri) from Tungul Ametung. Ken Arok's descendants became kings of Singhasari and Majapahit from the 13th until the 15th century.

In 1227, Anusapati killed Ken Arok, and later became king of Singhasari. Anusapati's power only lasted 20 years, before he was killed by Tohjaya. Three years later, Tohjaya was killed in an uprising led by Jaya Wisnuwardhana, son of Anusapati. In 1268, Wisnuwardhana died, and he was succeeded by Kertanegara (1268–1292). In 1292 Kertanegara was defeated by a rebel named Jayakatwang, ending the Singhasari.

In 1293, Kublai Khan, founder of the Yuan dynasty, sent a large invasion fleet to Java with 20,000 to 30,000 soldiers, beginning the Mongol invasion of Java.^[13] This was a punitive expedition against King Kertanegara of Singhasari, who had refused to pay tribute to the Yuan and maimed one of its ministers. However, it ended with failure for the Mongols.

In 1294, the Kingdom of Majapahit was founded by Raden Wijaya. The Majapahit reached its peak during the reign of Hayam Wuruk. He was accompanied by the Mahapatih Gajah Mada. Together they managed to unite the archipelago under the name Dwipantara. Majapahit developed to become one of the strongest empires in Southeast Asia.

In 1357, the

Pajajaran. In 1389, Hayam Wuruk died, and was succeeded by Wikramawardhana. This resulted in the beginning of the decline of the Majapahit Empire. As the Majapahit Empire went into decline in the late 1300s, Islam moved to fill the vacuum.^[14]

Islamic era

Main article: Spread of Islam in Indonesia

The precise date when Islam entered Java remains unclear. This is due to the absence of a definite source regarding the arrival of Islam in Java. However, according to some experts^[

like whom?], it is estimated that Islam entered Java around the 11th century, with the tomb of Fatimah Binti Maimun in the village of Leran in Gresik Regency which dates from 475 AH (1085 AD). The tomb also shows that by the 11th century, the North coast of Java had been frequented by Arab traders from the Middle East. In addition, several Islamic tombs were discovered in Trowulan, located in what is now part of the Mojokerto Regency, near the site of the former Majapahit palace.^[15]

In the 15th century, a Chinese Hui voyager named Ma Huan visited East Java. He then wrote the book Yingya Shenglan, which tells the story of the countries he visited over the course of the Ming treasure voyages. He mentioned that at that time, there were three different peoples inhabiting Eastern Java: Arabs from the Middle East, the ancestor of the modern Arab Indonesians; Chinese Muslims originating from modern-day Guangdong province, and the native Javanese people.^[16]

By the 16th century, the Majapahit Empire was defeated by Islamic kingdoms in Java, resulting in the exile of many Majapahit aristocrats to the neighbouring island of

Regencies remains adhered to Hinduism to this day. They are known as the Tenggerese people. Their population of roughly 100,000 is centered in 30 villages in the isolated Tengger mountains.^[18]

When Islamic sultanates started ruling Java, cities in the northern coast started developing, becoming thriving ports. One of them was the town of

da'wah

entered and it was carried out by the rulers of the island.

European colonization

The relationship between the Javanese and European colonial powers began in 1522, with the signing of a treaty between the Sunda Kingdom and the

Dutch

had succeeded in expanding their influence on the Islamic sultanates in the interior of the island of Java.

At the onset of the Napoleonic Wars, the British conquered Java in 1811. Java briefly became part of the British Empire, with Sir Stamford Raffles as its Governor-General. In 1814, Britain returned Java to the Netherlands as stipulated in the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814.^[21]

Japanese occupation and revolution

During the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies, there was persistent resistance against the Japanese rule. In Blitar, an uprising by Pembela Tanah Air (PETA) led by Supriyadi, Moeradi, Halir Mangkudijoyo, and Soemarto occurred in early 1945, but it was crushed by the Japanese.

Two weeks after the proclamation of independence, Surabaya established its own government under, Raden Sudirman. The formation of government in Surabaya caused disputes between the republican forces and Japanese troops, resulting in various skirmishes across the city. This was because when the Japanese surrendered, they were obliged to remain in power until the allied forces arrived. The arrival of allied forces in Surabaya created tensions with the newly established government of Indonesia, reaching peak on 10 November 1945 where a major battle between the Surabayan residents led by Sutomo and allied forces.

The battle forced the governor, Suryo, on the advice of People's Security Army (TKR), to move the seat of the government to Mojokerto. A week later, the government retreated again to a more secure location in Kediri. However, security situation Kediri worsen until finally, in February 1947, the East Java provincial government fled to Malang. While the administration was based in Malang, Governor Soerjo was replaced by R.P. Suroso, who was in turn replaced again by Dr. Moerdjani. On 21 July 1947, although still bound by the Linggadjati Agreement, a ceasefire agreement in effect since 14 October 1946, the Dutch commenced a military action, Operation Product, which led to deteriorating security conditions in Malang. The East Java provincial government moved again to Blitar.

This military action ended after the Renville Agreement. However, this agreement reduced the territory controlled by the East Java provincial government. The Netherlands then turned the areas under its control into new federal states, the State of Madura and the State of East Java. Amid the difficulties faced by the government of Indonesia, a left-wing opposition group, Front Demokrasi Rakyat (FDR, People's Democratic Front) launched rebellion in Madiun on 18 September 1948. However, eventually this revolt was defeated by the Indonesian Army. On 19 December 1948, the Dutch launched Operation Kraai. Blitar, the seat of the East Java provincial government was attacked by the Dutch. Governor Moerdjani and his staff were forced to flee and joined the guerrillas on the slopes of Mount Wilis. Operation Kraai ended after the Roem–Van Roijen Agreement on 7 May 1949.

Following the

Republic of Indonesia. The State of Madura

also decided to join Indonesia.

Contemporary era

Along with rapid growth of urbanization in East Java, the governments could not satisfy the population's needs for affordable housing, which led to the building of

shanty towns along the rivers and rail tracks. Today, the shanty towns still exist; although some have been transformed into "better" housing.^[22]

East Java has twice hosted the

National Sports Week

(PON), the 7th (1969) and 15th PONs (2000), and became the overall champions in 2000 and 2008.

Geography

East Java province borders the

Bawean Island is located about 150 km north of Java. In the east of Madura there are clusters of islands, the easternmost are the Kangean Islands and the northernmost are the Masalembu Islands. Off the south coast of Java there are two small islands namely Nusa Barong and Sempu Island

.

Geology

In physiographic of geology, East Java Province can be grouped into three zones: the southern zone (plato), the middle zone (volcanic), and the northern zone (folds). Lowlands and highlands in the middle (of Ngawi, Blitar, Malang, to Bondowoso) has a fairly fertile soil. In the northern part ( Bojonegoro, Tuban, Gresik, to Madura Island) lies the Kapur Utara mountains and the Kendeng mountains which are relatively barren.

In the middle of the province stretch mountain ranges and volcanoes: On the border with Central Java is

Mount Raung

(3344 metres) In the south there is a series of hills, that of the south coast of Pacitan, Trenggalek, Tulungagung, Blitar, Malang. the Kapur Selatan mountains is a continuation of a series of the Sewu mountains in Yogyakarta.

Water

meters above sea level

in middle of year during late night until morning.

Two of the most important rivers in East Java is the

Kali Mas

, and Porong; both empties into the Madura Strait. Solo River has headwaters on the slopes of Mount Lawu which lies on the border of East Java and Central Java, and flows through a portion of the eastern part of Central Java and East Java, which eventually empties in Gresik. Brantas River and Bengawan Solo are managed by Perum Jasa Tirta I. On the slopes of Mount Lawu near the border with Central Java are Sarangan, a natural lake. The main dam in East Java, among others Ir. Sutami and Selorejo Dam, which is used for irrigation, fish farming and tourism.

Climate

East Java has a tropical monsoon and savanna climate at lower elevation and subtropical at higher elevation. Compared with the western part of Java Island, East Java in general has less rainfall. Average rainfall is 1,900 mm per year, with a rainy season during the 100 days. The average temperature ranges between 19–34 °C. Temperatures in the lower mountain areas, and even in areas Ranu Pani (slopes of Mount Semeru), temperatures can reach –4 °C, causing a frost and fall of light snow.^[23]

Administrative divisions

See also:

Districts of East Java

East Java is divided into 29

kotamadya (or cities). This division has remained unchanged since the creation of the province, except for the creation of the new city of Batu on 21 June 2001 (by separation from Malang Regency). These regencies and cities with their areas and populations at the 2000, 2010^[7] and 2020^[8] Censuses, together with the official estimates as at mid 2022,^[1]

are listed below, grouped geographically into five (unofficial) sub-regions entirely for convenience of access. The sub-regions have no official status. These regencies and cities are divided as at 2023 into 666 districts (kecamatan) which are in turn composed of 8,494 administrative villages (rural desa and urban kelurahan):

Kode Wilayah	Name of City or Regency	Seat	Area (km2)	Pop'n 2000 Census	Pop'n 2010 Census	Pop'n 2020 Census	Pop'n mid 2022 Estimate	No. of districts	No. of kelurahan	No. of desa	No. of villages	HDI[24] 2014 estimate
35.01	Pacitan Regency	Pacitan	1,433.59	525,758	540,881	586,110	592,920	12	5	166	171	0.638 (Medium)
35.02	Ponorogo Regency	Ponorogo	1,418.62	841,449	855,281	949,320	964,250	21	26	281	307	0.674 (Medium)
35.03	Trenggalek Regency	Trenggalek	1,249.23	649,883	674,411	731,125	739,670	14	5	152	157	0.661 (Medium)
35.04	Tulungagung Regency	Tulungagung	1,144.53	929,833	990,158	1,089,775	1,105,340	19	14	257	271	0.694 (Medium)
35.05	Blitar Regency	Kanigoro	1,745.16	1,064,643	1,116,639	1,223,745	1,240,320	22	28	220	248	0.668 (Medium)
35.72	Blitar City		33.20	119,372	131,968	149,149	151,960	3	21		21	0.752 (High)
35.06	Kediri Regency	Ngasem	1,523.56	1,408,353	1,499,768	1,635,294	1,656,020	26	1	343	344	0.684 (Medium)
35.71	Kediri City		67.23	244,519	268,507	286,796	289,420	3	46		46	0.746 (High)
35.07	Malang Regency	Kepanjen	3,473.44	2,412,570	2,446,218	2,654,448	2,685,900	33	12	378	390	0.655 (Medium)
35.73	Malang City		111.08	756,982	820,243	843,810	846,130	5	57		57	0.789 (High)
35.79	Batu City		194.17	(a)	190,184	213,046	216,740	3	5	19	24	0.718 (High)
	Southern sub-regional totals		12,393.81	8,953,362	9,534,258	10,362,618	10,488,670
35.08	Lumajang Regency	Lumajang	1,797.10	965,192	1,006,458	1,119,251	1,137,230	21	7	198	205	0.623 (Medium)
35.09	Jember Regency	Jember	3,313.46	2,187,657	2,332,726	2,536,729	2,567,720	31	22	226	248	0.626 (Medium)
35.10	Banyuwangi Regency	Banyuwangi	3,592.90	1,488,791	1,556,078	1,708,114	1,731,730	25	28	189	217	0.673 (Medium)
35.11	Bondowoso Regency	Bondowoso	1,554.99	688,651	736,772	776,151	781,420	23	10	209	219	0.634 (Medium)
35.12	Situbondo Regency	Situbondo	1,653.72	603,705	647,619	685,967	691,260	17	4	132	136	0.639 (Medium)
35.13	Probolinggo Regency	Kraksaan	1,724.51	1,004,967	1,096,244	1,152,537	1,159,965	24	5	325	330	0.630 (Medium)
35.74	Probolinggo City		54.68	191,522	217,062	239,649	243,200	5	29		29	0.704 (High)
	Tapal Kuda ("horseshoe") sub-regional totals		13,691.36	7,130,485	7,592,959	8,218,398	8,312,530
35.76	Mojokerto City		20.22	108,938	120,196	132,424	134,350	3	18		18	0.750 (High)
35.75	Pasuruan City		39.00	168,323	186,262	208,006	211,500	4	34		34	0.732 (High)
35.78	Surabaya City		350.6	2,599,796	2,765,487	2,874,314	2,887,220	31	154		154	0.788 (High)
35.25	Gresik Regency (includes Bawean Island)	Gresik	1,256.36	1,005,445	1,177,042	1,311,215	1,332,660	18	26	330	356	0.728 (High)
35.24	Lamongan Regency	Lamongan	1,752.71	1,181,660	1,179,059	1,344,170	1,371,510	27	12	462	474	0.694 (Medium)
35.16	Mojokerto Regency	Mojosari	984.64	908,004	1,025,443	1,119,209	1,133,580	18	5	299	304	0.702 (High)
35.14	Pasuruan Regency	Bangil	1,493.29	1,366,605	1,512,468	1,605,969	1,619,040	24	24	341	365	0.643 (Medium)
35.15	Sidoarjo Regency	Sidoarjo	724.04	1,563,015	1,941,497	2,082,800	2,103,400	18	31	322	353	0.767 (High)
	Surabaya sub-regional totals		6,606.19	8,901,786	9,907,454	10,664,525	10,793,260
35.77	Madiun City		36.13	163,956	170,964	195,175	199,190	3	27		27	0.788 (High)
35.22	Bojonegoro Regency	Bojonegoro	2,312.63	1,165,401	1,209,973	1,301,635	1,315,130	28	11	419	430	0.652 (Medium)
35.17	Jombang Regency	Jombang	1,109.84	1,126,930	1,202,407	1,318,062	1,335,970	21	4	302	306	0.690 (Medium)
35.19	Madiun Regency	Caruban	1,113.63	639,825	662,278	744,350	757,670	15	8	198	206	0.686 (Medium)
35.20	Magetan Regency	Magetan	706.44	615,254	620,442	670,812	678,340	18	28	207	235	0.702 (High)
35.18	Nganjuk Regency	Nganjuk	1,289.07	973,472	1,017,030	1,103,902	1,117,030	20	20	264	284	0.695 (Medium)
35.21	Ngawi Regency	Ngawi	1,395.80	813,228	817,765	870,057	877,430	19	4	213	217	0.677 (Medium)
35.23	Tuban Regency	Tuban	1,973.50	1,051,999	1,118,464	1,198,072	1,209,540	20	17	311	328	0.645 (Medium)
	Northwest sub-regional totals		9,937.04	6,550,065	6,819,323	7,402,065	7,490,300
	East Java (excluding Madura) Totals		42,628.39	31,535,693	33,853,994	36,661,132	37,084,740
35.26	Bangkalan Regency	Bangkalan	1,301.03	805,048	906,761	1,060,377	1,086,620	18	8	273	281	0.607 (Medium)
35.27	Sampang Regency	Sampang	1,228.25	750,046	877,772	969,694	984,162	14	6	180	186	0.569 (Medium)
35.28	Pamekasan Regency	Pamekasan	795.15	689,225	795,918	850,057	857,818	13	11	178	189	0.626 (Medium)
35.29	Sumenep Regency	Sumenep	2,084.02	985,981	1,042,312	1,124,436	1,135,903	27	4	330	334	0.614 (Medium)
	Madura Totals		5,408.45	3,230,300	3,622,763	4,004,564	4,064,503
	Total for Province		48,036.84	34,765,993	37,476,757	40,665,696	41,149,974					0.681 (Medium)

Note: (a) the 2000 population of Batu City is included in the total for Malang Regency, from which it was separated on 21 June 2001.

Demography

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±%
1971	25,516,999	—
1980	29,188,852	+14.4%
1990	32,503,991	+11.4%
1995	33,844,002	+4.1%
2000	34,783,640	+2.8%
2010	37,476,757	+7.7%
2015	38,828,061	+3.6%
2020	40,665,696	+4.7%
2022	41,149,974	+1.2%
Source: Badan Pusat Statistik 2011, 2021 and 2023.[1]

According to the 2000 census, East Java had 34,765,993 people, which increased to 37,476,757 people at the 2010 Census,^[25] and to 40,665,595 at the 2020 Census,^[8] making it the second most populous Indonesian province after West Java. The official estimate as at mid 2022 was 41,149,974.^[1]

Besides the national language (Indonesian), the people of East Java predominantly use the Javanese in daily life. Javanese as spoken in the western part of East Java (Kulonan) is a similar dialect to the one spoken in Central Java, with its hierarchy of high, medium, and low registers. In the eastern part, such as Surabaya, Malang, and others, a more egalitarian version of Javanese is spoken, with less regard of hierarchy and a richer vocabulary for vulgarity. The dialect is notable for its roughness compared to other dialects spoken elsewhere in Java (especially the Mataram dialect spoken around Surakarta and Yogyakarta, which is renowned for its smoothness) and contributes to the stereotype among Javanese people of East Javanese being "blunt" and "loud".^[26] Variants of Javanese are also used by Osing and Tengger minorities, the former utilizing a Balinese-influenced Javanese by virtue of its closeness with Bali island, and the latter speaking an archaic form of the language that retains many features now lost in other more-innovative Javanese dialects.^[27] Other than Javanese, minority language includes Madurese, spoken by around 4 million ethnic Madurese people inhabiting the Madura Islands; though they live practically next door with the Javanese, the language is actually more closer genetically to Balinese, and Sundanese.^[28]

Religion

A long time ago, Hinduism and Buddhism dominated the island until

A remnant of Hindu tradition and syncretic abangan exists because of Islamic and Hinduism acculturation in Java.

• 
  Islamic Ampel Mosque, Surabaya (circa 1920s)
• 
  Kayutangan Catholic Church, Downtown Malang (circa 1935)
• 
  Traditional East Java Christian Church, Mojowarno, Jombang
• 
  Tengger (Hindu temple) Pura Luhur Poten, near Bromo Crater
• 
  Buddhist Maha Vihara Mojopahit, Trowulan, Mojokerto
• 
  Kwan Sing Bio Chinese Temple, Tuban

Economy

East Java is known as the hub and center economy of Central and Eastern Indonesia,^[30] and has a high economic significance, which contributes over 15% to the Gross Domestic Product of Indonesia.^[31]

Industry

East Java has a number of large industries,

East Java is crossed by several national roads as primary arterial roads, including the northern coastal national road or locally known as pantura road (Anyer-Jakarta-Surabaya-Banyuwangi),^[34] and inland national roads (Jakarta-Bandung-Yogyakarta-Surabaya). The expressway network in East Java covers the Surabaya-Gempol Toll Road; Gempol-Pandaan; Pandaan-Malang; Gempol-Pasuruan; and Pasuruan-Probolinggo which connects the northern and middle East Java regions with the southern and eastern salient (tapal kuda), the Surabaya-Gresik Toll Road that connects the middle and southern East Java to the north, and the Surabaya-Mojokerto Toll Road; Mojokerto-Kertosono; Ngawi-Kertosono; and Solo-Ngawi which connects East Java with Central Java. Suramadu Bridge that crosses the Madura Strait connects Surabaya and Madura Island. In the near future, the construction of the Probolinggo-Banyuwangi Toll Road will be realized, which is the final segment of the Trans Java Toll Road, the Krian-Legundi-Bunder-Manyar Toll Road that connects the industrial estates in the city of Surabaya; Sidoarjo Regency; and Gresik Regency, as well as plans for the Gresik-Tuban Toll Road that connects East Java with cities on the northern coast of Java.^[35]

Railways

The railway system in East Java has been built since the colonial era of the Dutch East Indies. The railway line in East Java consists of the northern line (Surabaya Pasar Turi-Semarang-Cirebon-Jakarta), the middle lane (Surabaya Gubeng-Yogyakarta-Bandung-Jakarta), the southern ring railway line (Surabaya Gubeng-Malang-Blitar-Kertosono-Surabaya), and east line (Surabaya Gubeng-Probolinggo-Jember-Ketapang). East Java also has a commuter train transportation system with Bojonegoro-Surabaya-Sidoarjo, Surabaya-Sidoarjo-Porong, Surabaya-Lamongan, Surabaya-Mojokerto, Surabaya-Malang, and Jember-Banyuwangi routes.^[36]

At present, the Surabaya Gubeng-Kertosono-Madiun line is being developed into a double track and is planned to be completed by the end of 2018 or early 2019 and ready for use in mid-2019.^[37]

Harbors

Tanjung Perak International Port is Indonesia's main hub port in Northern Surabaya.^[38] Other international ports in East Java include Gresik Port and Java Integrated Industrial and Port Estate in Gresik Regency, Tanjung Tembaga Probolinggo Port and Banyuwangi Port.^[39] National ports are Bawean Port in Gresik Regency, Pasuruan Port in Pasuruan City, Sapudi Port in Sumenep Regency, Kalbut Port and Anchor Port in Situbondo Regency, Sapeken Port in Sumenep Regency, Kangean Port in Sumenep Regency, and Muncar Port in Banyuwangi Regency. East Java has a number of ferry ports, including Ujung Port (Surabaya), Kamal (Bangkalan, Madura) Port, Ketapang Port (Banyuwangi), Kalianget Port (Sumenep), and Jangkar Port (Situbondo). Ujung-Kamal route connects Java island (Surabaya) with Madura island, Ketapang Ferry Port connects Java Island with Bali, Jangkar-Kalianget Route connects Java (Situbondo) with Madura Island, and Kalianget also connects Madura Island with small islands in the Java Sea (Kangean and Masalembu).^[39]

Airports

East Java has a number of distinctive art. Ludruk is one of the East Javanese art is quite well known, namely the art of the stage that generally all the players are male. Unlike the Ketoprak which tells the life of the palace, ludruk tells the daily life of ordinary people, often spiced with humor and social criticism, and generally opened with Dance Remo, and parikan. Currently traditional ludruk groups can be found in the area of Surabaya, Mojokerto and Jombang; although its presence increasingly defeated by modernization.

Reog from Ponorogo is a typical art that has been patented since 2001, and has now also become the icon of East Javanese art. Staging reog accompanied by horse braid (kuda lumping) are accompanied by elements of the occult.^[41] Famous arts of East Java include puppet purwa East Javanese style, mask mastermind in Madura, and made. In the area Mataraman Middle Javanese arts such as Ketoprak, and shadow puppets are quite popular. Famous legend of East Java, among others Damarwulan, Angling Darma, and Sarip Tambak-Oso.

Traditional dance in East Java can be generally grouped into Middle Javanese style, East Javanese style, Osing style and Madurese styles. Classical dances include gandrung, gambyong dance, dance srimpi, dance bondan, and wanderer. There is also a sort of lion dance culture in East Java. Art exists in two districts namely, Bondowoso, and Jember. Singo Wulung is a distinctive culture Bondowoso. While Jember have the tiger kadhuk. Both are art that is rarely encountered.

Culture

Culture and customs of Javanese in the western part of East Java received a lot of influence from the Middle Javanese, so this area is known as Mataraman, indicating that the area was once the territory of the Sultanate of Mataram. The area includes the former residency of Madiun (Madiun, Ngawi, Magetan, Ponorogo, Pacitan), ex-residency Kediri (Kediri, Tulungagung, Blitar, Trenggalek, Nganjuk), and part of Bojonegoro. As is the case in Central Java, wayang kulit, and Ketoprak quite popular in this region.

East Java's west coast region is heavily influenced by the Islamic culture. This area covers an area of Tuban, Lamongan and Gresik. In the past the north coast of East Java is the entry area, and the center of the development of Islam. Five of the nine members of the walisongo are buried in this area.

In the area of ex-residency of Surabaya (including Sidoarjo, Mojokerto and Jombang), and ex-residency Malang, had little cultural influence Mataraman, considering this region is an area arek (the term for offspring Kenarok), especially in the area of Malang that make this area difficult to be affected by Mataraman culture.

Customs in horse hooves region heavily influenced by the culture of Madura, given the magnitude of Madura tribe population in the region. Osing social mores of the culture is a blend of Java, Madura and Bali. While the Tenggerese tribe is heavily influenced by Hindu culture.^[42]

Villagers in East Java, as well as in Central Java, has ties based on friendship, and territorial. Various ceremonies were held, among others: tingkepan (ceremony gestational age of seven months for the first child), babaran (ceremony before the birth of the baby), sepasaran (ceremony after the baby was five days), Pitonan (ceremony after the baby was seven months old), circumcision, fiancé.

East Java's population generally embraced monogamy. Prior to application, the men doing the show nako'ake (ask if the girl already had a husband), once that is done peningsetan (application). The wedding ceremony was preceded by a gathering or kepanggih. Communities on the west coast: Tuban, Lamongan, Gresik, even Bojonegoro has a habit of women's families applying common man (Ganjuran), different from the usual habits of other regions in Indonesia, where the men apply for women. And generally men will then be entered into the family of the woman.

To pray for the deceased person, usually a family party did send donga on day 1, 3rd, 7th, 40th, 100th, 1 year and 3 years after death.

Education

Airlangga University

Brawijaya University

Campus Building

East Java is the province with the highest number of public universities in Indonesia.

• Airlangga University
• Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology
• Brawijaya University
• State University of Surabaya
• State University of Malang
• Trunojoyo University
• University of Jember
• UIN Sunan Ampel
• University of Surabaya
• Wijaya Kusuma University
• Widya Mandala Catholic University
• Petra Christian University

Another important form of education that is available in most cities in East Java is the pesantren. This is a kind of socio-education organized by Islamic clerics, and associated with local or national Muslim organizations. Jombang and Ponorogo is a famous region for its pesantren.^[44]

Media

East Java supports several regional media outlets. Local newspapers with provincial news reach their readers earlier than their competitors from Jakarta. In the spirit of "providing more news from around readers", most newspapers even issue municipal sections which are different among their distribution areas. More startups media also develop for younger generation.

• Jawa Pos Group, one of the major newspaper groups in Indonesia, based in Surabaya
• Surya, newspaper based in Surabaya (owned by Kompas Group)
• Suara Surabaya (E100 FM), most famous local radio and internet news in Surabaya and East Java
• IDN Times, multiplatform media for millennials and generation z people

Tourism

Malang metropolitan region is a famous tourist destination in Indonesia with the City of Batu as its center.^[45]

East Java has a number of interesting sights. One of the tourist icon is Mount Bromo in East Java, which is inhabited by the Tengger tribe, where the ceremony is held every year Kasada. In the mountainous region of Tengger also there is a waterfall that is Madakaripura which is the last hermitage Mahapatih Gajah Mada before serving in the kingdom of Majapahit. Madakaripura Waterfall has a height of about 200 meters, which makes it the highest waterfall on the island of Java and the second highest in Indonesia. East Java also has some other mountainous tourist area of which is Malang Raya mountainous area known as the natural mountain tourist area that includes Malang and Batu. Tretes and Trawas mountainous areas, are also known to have characteristics such as Puncak area in West Java province. Other natural attractions in East Java is the National Park (4 of 12 National Parks in Java) and Taman Safari Indonesia II in Prigen.

East Java is also contained relics of history in the classical era. Trowulan sites in Mojokerto, once the center of the Majapahit Kingdom, there are dozens of temples and tombs of the kings of Majapahit. Other temples spread throughout much of East Java, including Penataran temple in Blitar.^[46] In Madura, Sumenep is the center of the kingdom of Madura, where there are Kraton Sumenep, museums, and the tombs of the kings of Madura (Asta Tinggi Sumenep).

East Java is known for its coastal scenery.^[47] On the south coast there is the Prigi Beach, Pelang Beach and Pasir Putih Beach in Trenggalek, Popoh Beach in Tulungagung, Ngliyep Beach, and tourism areas such as the Jatim Park, Museum Angkut, Batu Secret Zoo, Batu Night Spectacular, Eco Green Park in Batu, and the Watu Ulo Beach in Jember. East Java also has a beach that the waves is one of the best in the world, namely the Plengkung Beach located in Banyuwangi. In addition there Kenjeran Beach in Surabaya, and the White Sand Beach in Situbondo. Lake in East Java, among others Sarangan in Magetan, Ir. Sutami Dam in Malang, and Selorejo Dam in Blitar.

In the coastal area of the north there are a number of tombs of the saints, which are places of pilgrimage for Muslims.

• 
  Batu
• 
  Madakaripura waterfall in Probolinggo
• 
  Ijen crater in

  Banyuwangi
• 
  Kedung Tumpang beach in Tulungagung
• 
  House of Sampoerna, Surabaya
• 
  Trowulan ancient city, Mojokerto
• 
  Maulana Malik Ibrahim

  tomb complex
• 
  Sempu Island, located in the south of Malang

National parks

• Meru Betiri National Park – Between Jember and Banyuwangi districts, this park covers 580 km² (224 sq mi). Hard to get to, it contains coastal rainforest and scenery and is home to abundant wildlife.
• savanna
  , lowland monsoon forests and beaches, the park's name means First Forest in Javanese. Javanese legend says that the earth first emerged from the ocean here.
• Baluran National Park – This 250 km² (97 sq mi) national park is located in northeastern Java, known as The Little Africa, formerly extensive savanna has been largely replaced by Acacia.
• Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park – Located in East Java at the region of Probolinggo and Pasuruan, 70 km (43 mi) from Surabaya the capital city of East Java province. Mount Bromo is one of the great hiking and trekking destinations for overseas tourists. The scenic view of Bromo also attracts hundreds of photo enthusiasts to see the views there.
• Raden Soerjo Grand Forest Park [id]—This is located between Pasuruan, Mojokerto and Batu. Covered Mount Arjuna, Mount Welirang, Mount Penanggungan, Mount Anjasmoro, Mount Kawi, and Mt. Kelud.

Cuisine

Some typical East Javanese dishes include Bakso Malang, Rawon, and Tahu Campur Lamongan.

East Java is the province with the highest number of

• Western Australia, Australia  – 1993.^[62]
• Shanghai, China  – 2006.^[63]

See also

• Districts of East Java

References

Citations

Bibliography

• ISBN 978-0-226-78734-3
  .
• ISBN 978-1-316-58307-4
  .
• Lukens-Bull, Ronald (2005). A Peaceful Jihad: Negotiating Identity and Modernity in Muslim Java.
  ISBN 978-1-4039-6658-2
  .
• Pramono, S.B. (2013). Piwulang Basa Jawa Pepak (in Javanese).
  ISBN 978-979-3-896-380
  .
• ISBN 0-609-80964-4
  .

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to East Java.

• East Java travel guide from Wikivoyage
• Official website (in Indonesian)