Anime

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Anime (

Video games
sometimes also feature themes and art styles that can be considered as anime.

The earliest commercial Japanese animation dates to 1917. A characteristic art style emerged in the 1960s with the works of cartoonist

light novels, or video games. It is classified into numerous genres targeting various broad and niche audiences.[2]

Anime is a diverse medium with distinctive production methods that have adapted in response to emergent technologies. It combines graphic art, characterization, cinematography, and other forms of imaginative and individualistic techniques.[3] Compared to Western animation, anime production generally focuses less on movement, and more on the detail of settings and use of "camera effects", such as panning, zooming, and angle shots.[3] Diverse art styles are used, and character proportions and features can be quite varied, with a common characteristic feature being large and emotive eyes.[4]

The anime industry consists of over

streaming services and a widening demographic embrace of anime culture, both within Japan and worldwide.[5] As of 2016, Japanese animation accounted for 60% of the world's animated television shows.[6]

Etymology

As a type of animation, anime is an art form that comprises many genres found in other mediums; it is sometimes mistakenly classified as a genre itself.[7] In Japanese, the term anime is used to refer to all animated works, regardless of style or origin.[8] English-language dictionaries typically define anime (/ˈænɪmeɪ/)[9] as "a style of Japanese animation"[10] or as "a style of animation originating in Japan".[11] Other definitions are based on origin, making production in Japan a requisite for a work to be considered "anime".[12]

The etymology of the term anime is disputed. The English word "animation" is written in Japanese katakana as アニメーション (animēshon) and as アニメ (anime, pronounced [a.ɲi.me] ⓘ) in its shortened form.[12] Some sources claim that the term is derived from the French term for animation dessin animé ("cartoon", literally 'animated drawing'),[13] but others believe this to be a myth derived from the popularity of anime in France in the late 1970s and 1980s.[12]

In English, anime—when used as a common

portmanteau of Japan and animation, was prevalent throughout the 1970s and 1980s. In the mid-1980s, the term anime began to supplant Japanimation;[16] in general, the latter term now only appears in period works where it is used to distinguish and identify Japanese animation.[17]

History

Main article: History of anime

Precursors

Emakimono and shadow plays (kage-e) are considered precursors of Japanese animation.[18] Emakimono was common in the eleventh century. Traveling storytellers narrated legends and anecdotes while the emakimono was unrolled from the right to left in chronological order, as a moving panorama.[18] Kage-e was popular during the Edo period and originated from the shadow plays of China.[18] Magic lanterns from the Netherlands were also popular in the eighteenth century.[18] The paper play called kamishibai surged in the twelfth century and remained popular in the street theater until the 1930s.[18] Puppets of the Bunraku theater and ukiyo-e prints are considered ancestors of characters of most Japanese animation.[18] Finally, manga were a heavy inspiration for anime. Cartoonists Kitzawa Rakuten and Okamoto Ippei used film elements in their strips.[18]

Pioneers

Namakura Gatana
(1917), the oldest surviving Japanese animated short film made for cinemas

Animation in Japan began in the early 20th century, when

Namakura Gatana.[22] Many early works were lost with the destruction of Shimokawa's warehouse in the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake.[23]

By the mid-1930s, animation was well-established in Japan as an alternative format to the

talkie anime was Chikara to Onna no Yo no Naka (1933), a short film produced by Masaoka.[27][28] The first feature-length anime film was Momotaro: Sacred Sailors (1945), produced by Seo with a sponsorship from the Imperial Japanese Navy.[29] The 1950s saw a proliferation of short, animated advertisements created for television.[30]

Modern era

Frame from the opening sequence of Tezuka's 1963 TV series Astro Boy

In the 1960s,

Sunrise, and Pierrot
).

The 1970s saw growth in the popularity of manga, many of which were later animated. Tezuka's work—and that of other pioneers in the field—inspired characteristics and genres that remain fundamental elements of anime today. The giant robot genre (also known as "

real robot genre.[35] Robot anime series such as Gundam and Super Dimension Fortress Macross became instant classics in the 1980s, and the genre remained one of the most popular in the following decades.[36] The bubble economy of the 1980s spurred a new era of high-budget and experimental anime films, including Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (1984), Royal Space Force: The Wings of Honnêamise (1987), and Akira (1988).[37]

Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba the Movie: Mugen Train became the highest-grossing Japanese film and one of the world's highest-grossing films of 2020.[38][39] It also became the fastest grossing film in Japanese cinema, because in 10 days it made 10 billion yen ($95.3m; £72m).[39] It beat the previous record of Spirited Away which took 25 days.[39][40][41][42][43]

In 2021, the anime adaptations of

Guinness World Record for the "Most in-demand animated TV show" with a global demand rating 71.2 times than that of the average TV show, previously held by Attack on Titan.[47][48]

Attributes

Anime artists employ many distinct visual styles.
Clockwise from the top left: Dead Leaves, Flag, Serial Experiments Lain, Monster, Mind Game, Lucky Star, Cat Soup, and Gurren Lagann.

Anime differs from other forms of animation by its art styles, methods of animation, its production, and its process. Visually, anime works exhibit a wide variety of art styles, differing between creators, artists, and studios.[49] While no single art style predominates anime as a whole, they do share some similar attributes in terms of animation technique and character design.

Anime is fundamentally characterized by the use of limited animation, flat expression, the suspension of time, its thematic range, the presence of historical figures, its complex narrative line and, above all, a peculiar drawing style, with characters characterized by large and oval eyes, with very defined lines, bright colors and reduced movement of the lips.[50][51]

Technique

Modern anime follows a typical animation production process, involving

short films,[54] including the stop motion puppet animation work produced by Tadahito Mochinaga, Kihachirō Kawamoto and Tomoyasu Murata.[55][56] Computers were integrated into the animation process in the 1990s, with works such as Ghost in the Shell and Princess Mononoke mixing cel animation with computer-generated images.[57] Fuji Film, a major cel production company, announced it would stop cel production, producing an industry panic to procure cel imports and hastening the switch to digital processes.[57]

Prior to the digital era, anime was produced with traditional animation methods using a pose to pose approach.[52] The majority of mainstream anime uses fewer expressive key frames and more in-between animation.[58]

Japanese animation studios were pioneers of many

The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya.[60][61] Oppliger stated that anime is one of the rare mediums where putting together an all-star cast usually comes out looking "tremendously impressive".[62]

The cinematic effects of anime differentiates itself from the stage plays found in American animation. Anime is cinematically shot as if by camera, including panning, zooming, distance and angle shots to more complex dynamic shots that would be difficult to produce in reality.[63][64][65] In anime, the animation is produced before the voice acting, contrary to American animation which does the voice acting first.[66]

Characters

Anime character design is diverse, but often incorporates common elements depending on the target demographic and era. These are representative samples.
Clockwise from the top left: Ashita no Joe (1970), Macross: Do You Remember Love? (1984), Ghost in the Shell (1995), K-On! (2009), Your Name (2016), The Hidden Dungeon Only I Can Enter (2021), Fruits Basket (2001), and Rurouni Kenshin (1996).

The body proportions of human anime characters tend to accurately reflect the proportions of the human body in reality. The height of the head is considered by the artist as the base unit of proportion. Head heights can vary, but most anime characters are about seven to eight heads tall.

super deformed characters that feature a disproportionately small body compared to the head; many super deformed characters are two to four heads tall. Some anime works like Crayon Shin-chan completely disregard these proportions, in such a way that they resemble caricatured Western cartoons
.

Wikipe-tan (#1) portrayed in various anime art styles. Counting from No. 2 to 9, each art style base: original work, Kyoto Animation, Naruto, Type-Moon, Case Closed, Sailor Moon, Fujiko Fujio, Studio Ghibli, and Makoto Shinkai.

A common anime character design convention is exaggerated eye size. The animation of characters with large eyes in anime can be traced back to Osamu Tezuka, who was deeply influenced by such early animation characters as Betty Boop, who was drawn with disproportionately large eyes.[68] Tezuka is a central figure in anime and manga history, whose iconic art style and character designs allowed for the entire range of human emotions to be depicted solely through the eyes.[69] The artist adds variable color shading to the eyes and particularly to the cornea to give them greater depth. Generally, a mixture of a light shade, the tone color, and a dark shade is used.[70][71] Cultural anthropologist Rachel Thorn argues that Japanese animators and audiences do not perceive such stylized eyes as inherently more or less foreign.[72] However, not all anime characters have large eyes. For example, the works of Hayao Miyazaki are known for having realistically proportioned eyes, as well as realistic hair colors on their characters.[73]

Hair in anime is often unnaturally lively and colorful or uniquely styled. The movement of hair in anime is exaggerated and "hair actions" is used to emphasize the action and emotions of characters for added visual effect.

Pokémon animated series.[75]

Anime and manga artists often draw from a shared iconography to represent particular emotions.

Anime and manga artists often draw from a common canon of iconic facial expression illustrations to denote particular moods and thoughts.

chibi (deformed, simplified character designs) figures to comedically punctuate emotions like confusion or embarrassment.[77]

Music

See also: Anime composer and Anime song
Japanese composer Yuki Kajiura, known for her musical contributions to the soundtracks of several popular anime series such as Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba, Sword Art Online and Puella Magi Madoka Magica

The opening and credits sequences of most anime television series are accompanied by

better source needed
]

Euro disco influence, heavily uses anime visuals and samples along with Japanese City pop to build an aesthetic.[80]

Since the 2020s

YOASOBI of the anime series Oshi no Ko topped the Billboard Global 200 Excl. U.S. charts with 45.7 million streams and 24,000 copies sold outside the U.S. "Idol" has become the first Japanese song and anime song to top the Billboard Global chart as well as taking the first spot on the Apple Music's Top 100: Global chart.[82][83]

Genres

Anime are often classified by target demographic, including children's (子供, kodomo), girls' (少女, shōjo), boys' (少年, shōnen), young men (青年, Seinen), young women (女性, josei) and a diverse range of genres targeting an adult audience. Shoujo and shounen anime sometimes contain elements popular with children of all genders in an attempt to gain crossover appeal. Adult anime may feature a slower pace or greater plot complexity that younger audiences may typically find unappealing, as well as adult themes and situations.[84] A subset of adult anime works featuring pornographic elements are labeled "R18" in Japan, and are internationally known as hentai (originating from pervert (変態, hentai)). By contrast, some anime subgenres incorporate ecchi, sexual themes or undertones without depictions of sexual intercourse, as typified in the comedic or harem genres; due to its popularity among adolescent and adult anime enthusiasts, the inclusion of such elements is considered a form of fan service.[85][86] Some genres explore homosexual romances, such as yaoi (male homosexuality) and yuri (female homosexuality). While often used in a pornographic context, the terms yaoi and yuri can also be used broadly in a wider context to describe or focus on the themes or the development of the relationships themselves.[87]

Anime's genre classification differs from other types of animation and does not lend itself to simple classification.

Castle of Cagliostro.[91] Other subgenres found in anime include magical girl, harem, sports, martial arts, literary adaptations, medievalism,[92] and war.[93]

Formats

Early anime works were made for theatrical viewing, and required played musical components before sound and vocal components were added to the production. In 1958,

better source needed
]

The home distribution of anime releases was popularized in the 1980s with the VHS and LaserDisc formats.[96] The VHS NTSC video format used in both Japan and the United States is credited with aiding the rising popularity of anime in the 1990s.[96] The LaserDisc and VHS formats were transcended by the DVD format which offered the unique advantages; including multiple subtitling and dubbing tracks on the same disc.[99] The DVD format also has its drawbacks in its usage of region coding; adopted by the industry to solve licensing, piracy and export problems and restricted region indicated on the DVD player.[99] The Video CD (VCD) format was popular in Hong Kong and Taiwan, but became only a minor format in the United States that was closely associated with bootleg copies.[99]

A key characteristic of many anime television shows is serialization, where a continuous

Peak TV" era.[100]

Industry

See also: List of anime companies and List of Japanese animation studios
Akihabara district of Tokyo is popular with anime and manga fans as well as otaku subculture in Japan.

The animation industry consists of more than 430 production companies with some of the major studios including

highest-grossing anime film worldwide until it was overtaken by Makoto Shinkai's 2016 film Your Name.[107] Anime films represent a large part of the highest-grossing Japanese films yearly in Japan, with 6 out of the top 10 in 2014, in 2015 and also in 2016
.

Anime has to be licensed by companies in other countries in order to be legally released. While anime has been licensed by its Japanese owners for use outside Japan since at least the 1960s, the practice became well-established in the United States in the late 1970s to early 1980s, when such TV series as

Voltron and the 'creation' of new series such as Robotech through the use of source material from several original series.[108]

In the early 1990s, several companies began to experiment with the licensing of less child-oriented material. Some, such as A.D. Vision, and Central Park Media and its imprints, achieved fairly substantial commercial success and went on to become major players in the now very lucrative American anime market. Others, such as AnimEigo, achieved limited success. Many companies created directly by Japanese parent companies did not do as well, most releasing only one or two titles before completing their American operations.

Licenses are expensive, often hundreds of thousands of dollars for one series and tens of thousands for one movie.[109] The prices vary widely; for example, Jinki: Extend cost only $91,000 to license while Kurau Phantom Memory cost $960,000.[109] Simulcast Internet streaming rights can be cheaper, with prices around $1,000–2,000 an episode,[110] but can also be more expensive, with some series costing more than US$200,000 per episode.[111]

The anime market for the United States was worth approximately $2.74 billion in 2009.

editing of cultural references may occur to better follow the references of the non-Japanese culture.[114] The cost of English localization averages US$10,000 per episode.[115]

The industry has been subject to both praise and condemnation for

fansubs, the addition of unlicensed and unauthorized subtitled translations of anime series or films.[116] Fansubs, which were originally distributed on VHS bootlegged cassettes in the 1980s, have been freely available and disseminated online since the 1990s.[116] Since this practice raises concerns for copyright and piracy issues, fansubbers tend to adhere to an unwritten moral code to destroy or no longer distribute an anime once an official translated or subtitled version becomes licensed. They also try to encourage viewers to buy an official copy of the release once it comes out in English, although fansubs typically continue to circulate through file-sharing networks.[117] Even so, the laid back regulations of the Japanese animation industry tend to overlook these issues, allowing it to grow underground and thus increasing its popularity until there is a demand for official high-quality releases for animation companies. This has led to an increase in global popularity of Japanese animation, reaching $40 million in sales in 2004.[118]

Since the 2010s, anime has become a global multibillion industry setting a sales record in 2017 of ¥2.15 trillion ($19.8 billion), driven largely by demand from overseas audiences.[119] In 2019, Japan's anime industry was valued at $24 billion a year with 48% of that revenue coming from overseas (which is now its largest industry sector).[120] By 2025 the anime industry is expected to reach a value of $30 billion with over 60% of that revenue coming from overseas.[121]

Markets

CAGR of 9.4%.[131][132][133]
In 2019, the annual overseas exports of Japanese animation exceeded $10 billion for the first time in history.[134]

Awards

The anime industry has several annual awards that honor the year's best works. Major annual awards in Japan include the

Japan Academy Prize for Animation of the Year. In the United States, anime films compete in the Crunchyroll Anime Awards. There were also the American Anime Awards, which were designed to recognize excellence in anime titles nominated by the industry, and were held only once in 2006.[135] Anime productions have also been nominated and won awards not exclusively for anime, like the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature or the Golden Bear
.

Working conditions

In recent years, the anime industry has been accused by both Japanese and foreign media of underpaying and overworking its animators.[136][137][138] In response the Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida promised to improve the working conditions and salary of all animators and creators working in the industry.[139] A few anime studios such as MAPPA have taken actions to improve the working conditions of their employees.[140] There has also been a slight increase in production costs and animator pays during the COVID-19 pandemic.[141] On April 27, 2023, Nippon Anime Film Culture Association (NAFCA) was officially founded. The association aims to solve problems in the industry, including the improvement of conditions of the workers.[142][143]

Globalization and cultural impact

See also:
List of highest-grossing anime films
fan conventions in the Western world[144]

Anime has become commercially profitable in

Arabic and German markets.[151]

The beginning of 1980[

Hidive, increasing the international availability of the amount of new licensed anime shows as well as the size of their catalogs.[160][161][162][163][164]
Netflix reported that, between October 2019 and September 2020, more than 100 million member households worldwide had watched at least one anime title on the platform. Anime titles appeared on the streaming platform's top-ten lists in almost 100 countries within the one-year period.[165] As of 2021, anime series are the most demanded foreign-language television shows in the United States accounting for 30.5% of the market share. (In comparison, Spanish-language and Korean-language shows account for 21% and 11% of the market share, respectively.)[166] In 2021 more than half of Netflix's global members watched anime.[167][168] In 2022, the anime series Attack on Titan won the award of "Most In-Demand TV Series in the World 2021" in the Global TV Demand Awards. Attack on Titan became the first ever non-English language series to earn the title of "World's Most In-Demand TV Show", previously held by only The Walking Dead and Game of Thrones.[46][169] In 2024, the anime series Jujutsu Kaisen won the award of "Most In-Demand TV Series in the World 2023" in the Global TV Demand Awards.[170]

Rising interest in anime as well as Japanese video games has led to an increase of university students in the United Kingdom wanting to get a degree in the Japanese language.[171] The word anime alongside other Japanese pop cultural terms like shonen and shojo have been added to the Oxford English Dictionary.[172]

Various anime and manga series have influenced

Dragon Ball Evolution and Cowboy Bebop. However most of these adaptations have been reviewed negatively by both the critics and the audience and have become box-office flops. The main reasons for the unsuccessfulness of Hollywood's adaptions of anime being the often change of plot and characters from the original source material and the limited capabilities a live-action movie or series can do in comparison to an animated counterpart.[174][175] One particular exception however is Alita: Battle Angel, which has become a moderate commercial success, receiving generally positive reviews from both the critics and the audience for its visual effects and following the source material. The movie grossed $404 million worldwide, making it director Robert Rodriguez's highest-grossing film.[176][177]

East Asian neighbours China and South Korea.[178][179][180][181][182] In 2015, during remarks welcoming Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe to the White House, President Barack Obama thanked Japan for its cultural contributions to the United States
by saying:

This visit is a celebration of the ties of friendship and family that bind our peoples. I first felt it when I was 6 years old when my mother took me to Japan. I felt it growing up in Hawaii, like communities across our country, home to so many proud Japanese Americans... Today is also a chance for Americans, especially our young people, to say thank you for all the things we love from Japan. Like

emojis.[183]

In July 2020, after the approval of a Chilean government project in which citizens of

Pamela Jiles celebrated by running through Congress with her arms spread out behind her, imitating the move of many characters of the anime and manga series Naruto.[184][185] In April 2021, Peruvian politicians Jorge Hugo Romero of the PPC and Milagros Juárez of the UPP cosplayed as anime characters to get the otaku vote.[186]

In April 2023, the Japan Business Federation laid out a proposal aiming to spur the economic growth of Japan by further promoting the contents industry abroad, primarily anime, manga and video games, for measures to invite industry experts from abroad to come to Japan to work, and to link with the tourism sector to help foreign fans of manga and anime visit sites across the country associated with particular manga stories. The federation seeks on quadrupling the sales of Japanese content in overseas markets within the upcoming 10 years.[187][188]

A 2018 survey conducted in 20 countries and territories using a sample consisting of 6,600 respondents held by Dentsu revealed that 34% of all surveyed people found excellency in anime and manga more than other Japanese cultural or technological aspects which makes this mass Japanese media the 3rd most liked "Japanese thing", below Japanese cuisine (34.6%) and Japanese robotics (35.1%). The advertisement company views anime as a profitable tool for marketing campaigns in foreign countries due to its popularity and high reception.[189] Anime plays a role in driving tourism to Japan. In surveys held by Statista between 2019 and 2020, 24.2% of tourists from the United States, 7.7% of tourists from China and 6.1% of tourists from South Korea said they were motivated to visit Japan because of Japanese popular culture.[190] In a 2021 survey held by Crunchyroll market research, 94% of Gen-Z's and 73% of the general population said that they are familiar with anime.[191][192]

Fan response

See also:
List of anime conventions
Cosplay of Madoka Kaname and Kyubey from Puella Magi Madoka Magica during Tracon 2013 event at the Tampere Hall in Tampere, Finland
A replica of the German Army's Panzer 4, made by an enthusiastic fan, and a motorcycle with illustrations of characters from the anime "Girls und Panzer" were photographed in Ōarai, Ibaraki , where the anime is set.

reappropriated by the anime fandom overtime and today are used by some fans to refer to themselves in a comedic and more positive way.[198]
Anime enthusiasts have produced fan fiction and fan art, including computer wallpapers and anime music videos (AMVs).[199]

Many fans will visit sites depicted in anime, games, manga and other forms of otaku culture, this behavior is known as "Anime pilgrimage".[200]

As of the 2020s, many anime fans and followers use social media platforms and other sites like YouTube, Twitch,[201] Fandom,[202] Facebook, Reddit,[203] Discord,[204] Tumblr,[205] 4chan, TikTok and Twitter[206][207] with online communities and databases such as IMDb, MyAnimeList to discuss anime, manga and track their progress watching respective series as well as using news outlets such as Anime News Network.[208][209]

According to Crunchyroll's research data from 2023-2024 provided by it's President Rahul Parini, revealed that there are approximately 800 million people globally(outside of China and Japan) whom are either highly aware of anime, show interest in anime or currently watch anime and identify as fans.[210][211][212]

Due to anime's increased popularity in recent years, a large number of celebrities such as Elon Musk, BTS and Ariana Grande have come out as anime fans.[213]

Anime style

Main article: Anime-influenced animation

"Japanese animation is so different from what airs here. It's far edgier, more adult and violent."

Mike Lazzo of the American Cartoon Network[214]

One of the key points that differentiated anime from a handful of Western cartoons is the potential for visceral content. Once the expectation that the aspects of visual intrigue or animation are just for children is put aside, the audience can realize that themes involving violence, suffering, sexuality, pain, and death can all be storytelling elements utilized in anime just as much as other media.[215]

However, as anime itself became increasingly popular, its styling has been inevitably the subject of both satire and serious creative productions.[12] South Park's "Chinpokomon" and "Good Times with Weapons" episodes, Adult Swim's Perfect Hair Forever, and Nickelodeon's Kappa Mikey are examples of Western satirical depictions of Japanese culture and anime, but anime tropes have also been satirized by some anime such as KonoSuba.

Traditionally only Japanese works have been considered anime, but some works have sparked debate about blurring the lines between anime and cartoons, such as the American anime-style productions

Avatar: The Legend of Korra.[216] These anime-styled works have become defined as anime-influenced animation, in an attempt to classify all anime styled works of non-Japanese origin.[217] Some creators of these works cite anime as a source of inspiration, for example the French production team for Ōban Star-Racers that moved to Tokyo to collaborate with a Japanese production team.[218][219][220] When anime is defined as a "style" rather than as a national product, it leaves open the possibility of anime being produced in other countries,[216] but this has been contentious amongst fans, with John Oppliger stating, "The insistence on referring to original American art as Japanese "anime" or "manga" robs the work of its cultural identity."[12][221]

A large contingent of anime and manga is also notable for deliberately forgoing any identification of its characters with real-world ethnicities or nationalities, termed in criticism as mukokuseki (statelessness). Mukokuseki characters may be depicted with culturally neutral features and can significantly impact the reception of a property outside of Japan.[222][223]

A U.A.E.-Filipino produced TV series called Torkaizer is dubbed as the "Middle East's First Anime Show", and is currently in production[224] and looking for funding.[225] Netflix has produced multiple anime series in collaboration with Japanese animation studios,[226] and in doing so, has offered a more accessible channel for distribution to Western markets.[227] Similar initiatives have been enacted by the US-based streaming service Crunchyroll,[228] producing titles such as High Guardian Spice and an adaptation of Tower of God.

The web-based series RWBY, produced by Texas-based company Rooster Teeth, is produced using an anime art style, and the series has been described as "anime" by multiple sources. For example, Adweek, in the headline to one of its articles, described the series as "American-made anime",[229] and in another headline, The Huffington Post described it as simply "anime", without referencing its country of origin.[230] In 2013, Monty Oum, the creator of RWBY, said "Some believe just like Scotch needs to be made in Scotland, an American company can't make anime. I think that's a narrow way of seeing it. Anime is an art form, and to say only one country can make this art is wrong."[231] RWBY has been released in Japan with a Japanese language dub;[232] the CEO of Rooster Teeth, Matt Hullum, commented "This is the first time any American-made anime has been marketed to Japan. It definitely usually works the other way around, and we're really pleased about that."[229]

Media franchises

Further information:
Media mix and List of highest-grossing media franchises
Pokémon Center in Singapore at the Jewel Changi Airport

In

broadcast media, gaming technologies, cell phones, toys, amusement parks, and other methods.[233] It is the Japanese term for a transmedia franchise.[234][235] The term gained its circulation in late 1980s, but the origins of the strategy can be traced back to the 1960s with the proliferation of anime, with its interconnection of media and commodity goods.[236]

A number of anime and manga media franchises such as Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba, Dragon Ball and Gundam have gained considerable global popularity, and are among the world's highest-grossing media franchises. Pokémon in particular is estimated to be the highest-grossing media franchise of all time.[237]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Japanese: 新日本漫画家協会, lit. "New Japan Manga Artist Association"
  2. ^ Spirited Away was later surpassed as the highest-grossing anime film by Your Name (2016).

References

  1. ^ Ashcraft, Brian (May 18, 2021). "What "Anime" Means". Kotaku. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
  2. Google Arts and Culture
    .
  3. ^ a b Craig 2000, pp. 139–140.
  4. ^ Ashcraft, Brian (September 21, 2016). "A Serious Look at Big Anime Eyes". Kotaku. Retrieved January 4, 2020.
  5. ^ Brzeski, Patrick (May 16, 2022). "How Japanese Anime Became the World's Most Bankable Genre". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on December 6, 2022.
  6. ISBN 9781250117724
    .
  7. ^ Poitras 2000, p. 7.
  8. ^ "Tezuka: The Marvel of Manga - Education Kit" (PDF). Art Gallery New South Wales. 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 30, 2007. Retrieved October 28, 2007.
  9. Cambridge English Dictionary
    . Retrieved July 4, 2019.
  10. ^ "Anime". Lexico. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on March 3, 2020. Retrieved September 7, 2020.
  11. ^ "Anime". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved September 7, 2020.
  12. ^ a b c d e "Lexicon - Anime". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on August 30, 2020. Retrieved September 12, 2020.
  13. ISBN 978-0-7864-5740-3
    .
  14. American Heritage Dictionary
    (4th ed.).
  15. ^ "Anime". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Retrieved March 21, 2023.
  16. ^ Patten 2004, pp. 85–86.
  17. ^ Patten 2004, pp. 69–70.
  18. ^
    OCLC 1020690005.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link
    )
  19. ^ a b Schodt 1997.
  20. ^ Litten, Frederick S. (June 29, 2014). "Japanese color animation from ca. 1907 to 1945" (PDF). p. 14. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 18, 2020. Retrieved September 23, 2020.
  21. ^ Clements & McCarthy 2006, p. 169.
  22. ^ Litten, Frederick S. "Some remarks on the first Japanese animation films in 1917" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on August 10, 2014. Retrieved July 11, 2013.
  23. ^ Clements & McCarthy 2006, p. 170.
  24. ^ Sharp, Jasper (September 23, 2004). "Pioneers of Japanese Animation (Part 1)". Midnight Eye. Archived from the original on January 17, 2010. Retrieved December 11, 2009.
  25. ^ Yamaguchi, Katsunori; Watanabe, Yasushi (1977). Nihon animēshon eigashi. Yūbunsha. pp. 26–37.
  26. ^ Kinsella 2000, p. 22.
  27. ^ Baricordi 2000, p. 12.
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Sources

External links
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