North American Water and Power Alliance
The North American Water and Power Alliance (NAWPA or NAWAPA, also referred to as NAWAPTA from proposed governing body the North American Water and Power Treaty Authority) was a proposed continental water management scheme conceived in the 1950s by the
The plan
A technical and economic blueprint for the plan was developed in 1964 by the Parsons Corporation of Pasadena, California.[3] The total cost was estimated in 1975 as $100 billion, comparable in cost to the Interstate Highway System.[4][5]
Water management
The Parsons plan would divert water from the
The project would provide 75 million acre-feet (93 km3) of water to water-deficient areas in the North American continent,
Power generation
The project would generate a vast amount of electricity from a number of
Transportation
The plan would potentially have included a navigable waterway in Canada from Alberta to Lake Superior, to be called the Transcontinental Canal. In addition to increasing availability of water, the canal would address problems of water pollution.[7]
Environmental impacts
The engineering of the project and the creation of a large number of new reservoirs — many of them in designated
Reception
NAWAPA garnered early support from some Western political figures, who viewed its promise of increased water supplies as key to continued growth in the Western United States. In 1966, Congressman
In the 1970s, the plan began to encounter fierce opposition by a number of different groups on both sides of the border, based on concerns with its financial and environmental costs and the international implications of exporting Canadian water. The
Environmental writer Marc Reisner noted in Cadillac Desert that the plan was one of "brutal magnificence" and "unprecedented destructiveness."[1] Historian Ted Steinberg suggested that NAWAPA summed up "the sheer arrogance and imperial ambitions of the modern hydraulic West" and credited rising costs and the rise of the environmental movement with killing the idea.[15] One author called it "the most outlandish water development scheme to emerge in the past 50 years".[18]
Beginning in 1982, some efforts were made to revive the plan, including by Parsons engineer Roland Kelley, who authored a report called NAWAPA Plan Can Work.[19] The LaRouche movement has supported the project, making efforts to revive NAWAPA in 1982 and again in 2010.[2][20]
See also
- Great Recycling and Northern Development Canal
- International Joint Commission
- Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909
- Columbia River Treaty
- North American Union
- Cadillac Desert
- South–North Water Transfer Project of China
- Northern river reversal
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Reisner, Marc. Cadillac Desert revised edition, 1993
- ^ a b c d deBuys, William, A Great Aridness:Climate Change and the Future of the American Southwest, Oxford University Press 2011, p. 329
- ^ Captured Rain: America's Thirst for Canadian Water, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 2000
- ^ Barr, L. (1975). NAWAPA: A Continental Water Development Scheme for North America? Geography 60(2), pp.111-119.
- ^ Nelson, J.G. and Chambers, M.J., Water, Methuen Publications 1969, p.375
- ISBN 1-55028-166-6.
- ^ a b c Engelbert, Ernest A, and Scheuring, Ann Foley, Water Scarcity: Impacts on Western Agriculture, Berkeley, University of California Press 1984, p. 113
- ^ Ebeling, Walter, Fruited Plain: The Story of American Agriculture , Univ of California Press (February 1980), p. 319
- ^ Nelson, J.G. and Chambers, M.J., Water, Methuen Publications 1969, p. 371
- ^ Forest, B. & Forest, P. (2012). Engineering the North American waterscape: The high modernist mapping of continental water transfer project. Political Geography 31, pp. 167-183.
- ^ Wright, Jim, The Coming Water Famine, Coward-McCann (1966), p. 222.
- ^ Moss, Frank, The Water Crisis, F. A. Praeger 1967, p. 245.
- ^ Congressional Record, Volume 112, Part 5 - Page 6474
- ^ Annin, Peter, The Great Lakes Water Wars, Island Press 2006, p. 58
- ^ a b Steinberg, T. (2002). Down to Earth: Nature's role in American history.
- ^ McCool, Daniel, Command of the waters : iron triangles, federal water development, and Indian water, University of Arizona Press, 1994. p. 108
- ^ Guide to North American Water and Power Alliance Records, Archives Center, National Museum of American History
- ^ Landry, C., Payne, M. & Root, S. (2012). Grandiose water development plans. Water Resources Impact 14(2). p. 18.
- ^ "Kelly, Roland P., NAWAPA Plan Can Work, Energy Report, National Energy Research and Information Institute, La Verne, California, June/July 1982.
- ^ Welsh, Francis J., How to Create a Water Crisis, Johnson Books 1985, p. 213