Kim Il Sung
Eternal President Kim Il Sung | |
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김일성 | |
General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea | |
In office 12 October 1966 – 8 July 1994 | |
Secretary | |
Preceded by | Himself (as Chairman) |
Succeeded by | Kim Jong Il |
President of North Korea | |
In office 28 December 1972 – 8 July 1994 | |
Premier | See list
|
Vice President | See list
|
Preceded by | Office established Chairman of the Workers' Party of Korea |
In office 24 June 1949 – 12 October 1966 | |
Vice Chairman | See list
|
Preceded by | Kim Tu-bong |
Succeeded by | Himself (as General Secretary) |
Premier of North Korea | |
In office 9 September 1948 – 28 December 1972 | |
First Vice Premier | Kim Il |
Vice Premier | See list
|
Preceded by | Office established |
Succeeded by | Kim Il |
Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army | |
In office 5 July 1950 – 24 December 1991 | |
Preceded by | Choe Yong-gon |
Succeeded by | Kim Jong Il |
Personal details | |
Born | Kim Song Ju 15 April 1912 Namni, Heian'nan-dō, Korea, Empire of Japan(present-day Mangyongdae, Pyongyang, North Korea) |
Died | 8 July 1994 Hyangsan Residence, Hyangsan County, North Pyongan Province, North Korea | (aged 82)
Resting place | Kumsusan Palace of the Sun, Pyongyang |
Nationality | North Korean |
Political party | Workers' Party of Korea |
Other political affiliations |
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Spouses |
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Years of service |
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Rank | |
Unit | 88th Separate Rifle Brigade, Red Army |
Commands | All (Supreme Commander) |
Battles/wars | |
Korean name | |
Chosŏn'gŭl | 김일성 |
Hancha | |
Revised Romanization | Gim Il(-)seong |
McCune–Reischauer | Kim Ilsŏng |
Birth name | |
Chosŏn'gŭl | 김성주 |
Hancha | |
Revised Romanization | Gim Seong(-)ju |
McCune–Reischauer | Kim Sŏngju |
Central institution membership
Other offices held
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Kim Il Sung[d][e] (/kɪm ɪlˈsʌŋ, -ˈsʊŋ/;[3] Korean: 김일성, Korean pronunciation: [kimils͈ʌŋ]; born Kim Sung Ju;[f][4] 15 April 1912 – 8 July 1994) was a North Korean politician and the founder of North Korea, which he led as Supreme Leader from the country's establishment in 1948 until his death in 1994. Afterwards, he was declared eternal president.
He held the posts of the Premier from 1948 to 1972 and President from 1972 to 1994. He was the leader of the Workers' Party of Korea (WPK) from 1949 to 1994 (titled as chairman from 1949 to 1966 and as general secretary after 1966). Coming to power after the end of Japanese rule over Korea in 1945 following Japan's surrender in World War II, he authorized the invasion of South Korea in 1950, triggering an intervention in defense of South Korea by the United Nations led by the United States. Following the military stalemate in the Korean War, a ceasefire was signed in July 1953. He was the third-longest serving non-royal head of state/government in the 20th century, in office for more than 45 years.
Under his leadership, North Korea was established as a totalitarian socialist personalist dictatorship with a centrally planned economy. It had very close political and economic relations with the Soviet Union. By the 1960s, North Korea had a slightly higher standard of living than the South, which was suffering from political chaos and economic crises. The situation was reversed in the 1970s, as a newly stable South Korea became an economic powerhouse which was fueled by Japanese and American investment, military aid and internal economic development, while North Korea stagnated and then declined during the same period.[5] Differences emerged between North Korea and the Soviet Union; chief among them was Kim Il Sung's philosophy of Juche, which focused on Korean nationalism and self-reliance. Despite this, the country received funds, subsidies and aid from the USSR and the Eastern Bloc until the dissolution of the USSR in 1991.
The resulting loss of economic aid negatively affected the North's economy, contributing to
Early life
Family background
Kim was born Kim Song Ju to father
Kim's family, part of the Jeonju Kim clan, is said to have originated from Jeonju, North Jeolla Province. In 1860, his great-grandfather, Kim Ung-u, settled in the Mangyongdae neighborhood of Pyongyang. Kim was reportedly born in the small village of Mangyungbong (then called Namni) near Pyongyang on 15 April 1912.[9][10]: 12 According to a 1964 semi-official biography of Kim, he was born in his mother's home in Chingjong, and later grew up in Mangyungbong.[11]: 73
According to Kim, his family was always a step away from poverty. Kim said that he was raised in a very active Presbyterian Christian family. His maternal grandfather was a Protestant minister, and his father had gone to a missionary school and was an elder in the Presbyterian Church.[12][13] According to an official North Korean government account, Kim's family participated in anti-Japanese activities and fled to Manchuria in 1920. Like most Korean families, they resented the Japanese occupation of the Korean peninsula (which had begun on 29 August 1910).[10]: 12 Japanese repression of Korean opposition was harsh, resulting in the arrest and detention of more than 52,000 Korean citizens in 1912 alone.[10]: 13 This repression had forced many Korean families to flee the Korean peninsula, and settle in Manchuria.[14]
Nevertheless, Kim's parents, especially his mother, played a role in the anti-Japanese struggle that was sweeping the peninsula.[10]: 16 Their exact involvement – whether their cause was missionary, nationalist, or both – is unclear.[15]: 53
Communist and guerrilla activities
North Korean government sources credit Kim with founding the
In 1931, Kim joined the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) – the Communist Party of Korea had been founded in 1925, but had been thrown out of the Communist International in the early 1930s for being too nationalist. He joined various anti-Japanese guerrilla groups in northern China. Feelings against the Japanese ran high in Manchuria, but as of May 1930 the Japanese had not yet occupied Manchuria. On 30 May 1930, a spontaneous violent uprising in eastern Manchuria arose in which peasants attacked some local villages in the name of resisting "Japanese aggression".[18] The authorities easily suppressed this impromptu uprising. Because of the attack, the Japanese began to plan an occupation of Manchuria.[19] In a speech Kim allegedly made before a meeting of Young Communist League delegates on 20 May 1931 in Yenchi County in Manchuria,[20] he warned the delegates against such unplanned uprisings as the 30 May 1930 uprising in eastern Manchuria.[21]
Four months later, on 18 September 1931, the "
Kim's actions during the Minsaengdan incident helped solidify his leadership.[24] The CCP operating in Manchuria had become suspicious that any Korean could secretly be a member of the pro-Japanese and anti-communist Minsaengdan.[25] A purge resulted: over 1,000 Koreans were expelled from the CCP, including Kim (who was arrested in late 1933 and exonerated in early 1934), and 500 were killed.[25] Kim Il Sung's memoirs – and those of the guerrillas who fought alongside him – cite Kim's seizing and burning the suspect files of the Purge Committee as key to solidifying his leadership.[24] After the destruction of the suspect files and the rehabilitation of suspects, those who had fled the purge rallied around Kim.[24] As historian Suzy Kim summarizes, Kim Il Sung "emerged from the purge as a definitive leader, not only for the bold move but also for his compassion."[24]
In 1935, Kim took the name Kim Il Sung, meaning "Kim become the sun".[26]: 30 Kim was appointed commander of the 6th division in 1937, at the age of 24, controlling a few hundred men in a group that came to be known as "Kim Il Sung's division". On June 4, 1937, he led 200 guerrillas in a raid on Poch'onbo, destroying the local government offices and setting fire to a Japanese police station and post office.[27] The success of the raid demonstrated Kim's talents as a military leader.[27] Even more significant than the military success itself was the political coordination and organization between the guerrillas and the Korean Fatherland Restoration Association, an anti-Japanese united front group based in Manchuria.[27] These accomplishments would grant Kim some measure of fame among Chinese guerrillas, and North Korean biographies would later exploit it as a great victory for Korea.
For their part, the Japanese regarded Kim as one of the most effective and popular Korean guerrilla leaders ever.
Return to Korea
The Soviet Union declared war on Japan on 8 August 1945, and the Red Army entered Pyongyang on 24 August 1945. Stalin had instructed Lavrentiy Beria to recommend a communist leader for the Soviet-occupied territories and Beria met Kim several times before recommending him to Stalin.[9][34][35]
Kim arrived in the Korean port of Wonsan on 19 September 1945 after 26 years in exile.[26]: 51 According to Leonid Vassin, an officer with the Soviet MVD, Kim was essentially "created from zero". For one, his Korean was marginal at best; he only had eight years of formal education, all of it in Chinese. He needed considerable coaching to read a speech (which the MVD prepared for him) at a Communist Party congress three days after he arrived.[36]: 50
In December 1945, the Soviets installed Kim as first secretary of the
On 1 March 1946, while giving a speech to commemorate an anniversary of the March 1st Movement, a member of the anti-communist terrorist group the White Shirts Society attempted to assassinate Kim by lobbing a grenade at his podium. However, Soviet military officer Yakov Novichenko grabbed the grenade and absorbed the blast with his body, leaving Kim and other bystanders unharmed.[39][40][41]
To solidify his control, Kim established the Korean People's Army (KPA), aligned with the Communist Party, and he recruited a cadre of guerrillas and former soldiers who had gained combat experience in battles against the Japanese and later against Nationalist Chinese troops.[42] Using Soviet advisers and equipment, Kim constructed a large army skilled in infiltration tactics and guerrilla warfare. Prior to Kim's invasion of the South in 1950, which triggered the Korean War, Stalin equipped the KPA with modern, Soviet-built medium tanks, trucks, artillery, and small arms. Kim also formed an air force, equipped at first with Soviet-built propeller-driven fighters and attack aircraft. Later, North Korean pilot candidates were sent to the Soviet Union and China to train in MiG-15 jet aircraft at secret bases.[43]
Claims that Kim Il Sung was an imposter
Several sources claim the name "Kim Il Sung" had previously been used by a prominent early leader of the
According to the 2019 book Surprise, Kill, Vanish by investigative journalist
Historians generally accept the view that, while Kim's exploits were exaggerated by the personality cult which was built around him, he was a significant guerrilla leader.[46][47][48]
Leader of North Korea
Early years
Despite the
On 12 October, the Soviet Union recognized Kim's government as the sovereign government of the entire peninsula, including the south.
In February 1946, Kim Il Sung decided to introduce a number of reforms. Over 50% of the
Korean War
Archival material suggests
On 25 October 1950, after sending various warnings of their intent to intervene if UN forces did not halt their advance,[59]: 23 Chinese troops in the thousands crossed the Yalu River and entered the war as allies of the KPA. There were nevertheless tensions between Kim and the Chinese government. Kim had been warned of the likelihood of an amphibious landing at Incheon, which was ignored. There was also a sense that the North Koreans had paid little in war compared to the Chinese who had fought for their country for decades against foes with better technology.[59]: 335–336 The UN troops were forced to withdraw and Chinese troops retook P'yŏngyang in December and Seoul in January 1951. In March, UN forces began a new offensive, retaking Seoul and advanced north once again halting at a point just north of the 38th Parallel. After a series of offensives and counter-offensives by both sides, followed by a grueling period of largely static trench warfare that lasted from the summer of 1951 to July 1953, the front was stabilized along what eventually became the permanent "Armistice Line" of 27 July 1953. Over 2.5 million people died during the Korean War.[60]
Chinese and Russian documents from that time reveal that Kim became increasingly desperate to establish a truce, since the likelihood that further fighting would successfully unify Korea under his rule became more remote with the UN and US presence. Kim also resented the Chinese taking over the majority of the fighting in his country, with Chinese forces stationed at the center of the front line, and the Korean People's Army being mostly restricted to the coastal flanks of the front.[61]
Consolidating power
With the end of the Korean War, despite the failure to unify Korea under his rule, Kim Il Sung proclaimed the war a victory in the sense that he had remained in power in the north. However, the three-year war left North Korea devastated, and Kim immediately embarked on a large reconstruction effort. He launched a five-year national economic plan (akin to
In the ensuing years, Kim established himself as an independent leader of
Kim transformed North Korea into what Wonjun Song and Joseph Wright consider a personalist dictatorship, where power was centralized in Kim personally.
During the 1956 August Faction Incident, Kim Il Sung successfully resisted Soviet and Chinese efforts to depose him in favor of pro-Soviet Koreans or Koreans who belonged to the pro-Chinese Yan'an faction.[72][73] The last Chinese troops withdrew from the country in October 1958, which is the consensus as the latest date when North Korea became effectively independent, though some scholars believe that the 1956 August incident demonstrated North Korea's independence.[72][73]
During his rise and consolidation of power, Kim created the songbun caste system, which divided the North Korean people into three groups. Each person was classified as belonging to the "core", "wavering", or "hostile" class, based on his or her political, social, and economic background – a system which persists today.[citation needed] Songbun was used to decide all aspects of a person's existence in North Korean society, including access to education, housing, employment, food rationing, ability to join the ruling party, and even where a person was allowed to live. Large numbers of people from the so-called hostile class, which included intellectuals, land owners, and former supporters of Japan's occupying government during World War II, were forcibly relocated to the country's isolated and impoverished northern provinces. When years of famine ravaged the country in the 1990s, those people who lived in its marginalized and remote communities were hardest hit.[74]
During his rule, North Korea was responsible for widespread
Later years
Despite his opposition to de-Stalinization, Kim never officially severed relations with the Soviet Union, and he did not take part in the
In the 1960s, Kim became impressed with the efforts of
Although a resolute anti-communist, Zaire's Mobutu Sese Seko was also heavily influenced by Kim's style of rule.[83]
The North Korean government's practice of abducting foreign nationals, such as South Koreans, Japanese, Chinese, Thais, and Romanians, is another practice of Kim Il Sung which persists to the present day.[citation needed] Kim Il Sung planned these operations to seize persons who could be used to support North Korea's overseas intelligence operations, or those who had technical skills to maintain the socialist state's economic infrastructure in farms, construction, hospitals, and heavy industry. According to the Korean War Abductees Family Union (KWAFU), those abducted by North Korea after the war included 2,919 civil servants, 1,613 police, 190 judicial officers and lawyers, and 424 medical practitioners. In the hijacking and seizure of Korean Airlines flight YS-11 in 1969 by North Korean agents, the pilots and mechanics, and others with specialized skills, were the only ones never permitted to return to South Korea. The total number of foreign abductees and disappeared is still unknown but is estimated to include more than 200,000 people. The vast majority of disappearances occurred or were linked to the Korean War, but hundreds of South Koreans and Japanese people were abducted between the 1960s and 1980s. A number of South Koreans and nationals of the People's Republic of China have also been apparently abducted in the 2000s and 2010s. At least 100,000 people remain disappeared.[74]
The
From about this time, North Korea encountered increasing economic difficulties. South Korea became an economic powerhouse fueled by Japanese and American investment, military aid, and internal economic development, while North Korea stagnated and then declined in the 1980s.[86][87] The practical effect of Juche was to cut the country off from virtually all foreign trade in order to make it entirely self-reliant. The economic reforms of Deng Xiaoping in China from 1979 onward meant that trade with the moribund economy of North Korea held decreasing interest for China. The Revolutions of 1989 in Eastern Europe and the dissolution of the Soviet Union, from 1989 to 1992, completed North Korea's virtual isolation. These events led to mounting economic difficulties because Kim refused to issue any economic or political reforms.[88]
As he aged, starting in the 1970s, Kim developed a growth on the right side of the back of his neck. It was long believed that its close proximity to his brain and spinal cord made it inoperable. However, Juan Reynaldo Sanchez, a defected bodyguard for Fidel Castro who met Kim in 1986 wrote later that it was Kim's own paranoia that prevented it from being operated on.[89] Because of its unappealing nature, North Korean reporters and photographers were required to photograph Kim while standing slightly to his left in order to hide the growth from official photographs and newsreels. Hiding the growth became increasingly difficult as the growth reached the size of a baseball by the late 1980s.[90]: xii
To ensure a full succession of leadership to his son and designated successor Kim Jong Il, Kim turned over his chairmanship of North Korea's National Defense Commission – the body mainly responsible for control of the armed forces as well as the supreme commandership of the country's now million-man strong military force, the Korean People's Army – to his son in 1991 and 1993. So far, the elder Kim – even though he is dead – has remained the country's president and the chairman of the Party's Central Military Commission, the party's organization that has supreme supervision and authority over military matters. In early 1994, Kim began investing in nuclear power to offset energy shortages brought on by economic problems. This was the
Death
External videos | |
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KCTV: Kim Il Sung Funeral July 8, 1994 – Full Video |
On the late morning shortly before 12:00 noon on 7 July 1994, Kim Il Sung collapsed from a sudden
Kim Il Sung's death resulted in nationwide mourning and a ten-day mourning period was declared by Kim Jong Il. His funeral was scheduled to be held on 17 July 1994 in Pyongyang but was delayed until 19 July.[95] It was attended by hundreds of thousands of people who were flown into the city from all over North Korea. Kim Il Sung's body was placed in a public mausoleum at the Kumsusan Palace of the Sun, where his preserved and embalmed body lies under a glass coffin for viewing purposes. His head rests on a traditional Korean pillow and he is covered by the flag of the Workers' Party of Korea. Newsreel video of the funeral at Pyongyang was broadcast on several networks and can now be found on various websites.[96]
Contributions to political theory
Kim Il Sung's most notable contribution to political theory is his conceptualization of the Juche idea, originally described as a variant of Marxism–Leninism.
In his writings, Kim engaged with Karl Marx's metaphor that religion is the opium of the people. He did so both in the context of responding to his comrades who objected to working with religious groups (Chonbulygo and Chondoism, respectively).[97] In the first instance, Kim replies that a person is "mistaken" if he or she believes Marx's proposition regarding "opium of the people" can be applied in all instances, explaining that if a religion "prays for dealing out divine punishment to Japan and blessing the Korean nation" then it is a "patriotic religion" and its believers are patriots.[97] In the second, Kim states that Marx's metaphor "must not be construed radically and unilaterally" because Marx was warning against "the temptation of a religious mirage and not opposing believers in general."[97] Because the communist movement in Korea was fighting a struggle for "national salvation" against Japan, Kim writes that anyone with a similar agenda can join the struggle and that "even a religionist ... must be enrolled in our ranks without hesitation."[97]
Personal life
Kim Il Sung married twice. His first wife, Kim Jong Suk (1917–1949), gave birth to two sons and one daughter before her death in childbirth during the delivery of a stillborn girl. Kim Jong Il was his oldest son. The other son (Kim Man-il, or Shaura Kim) of this marriage died in 1947 in a swimming accident. A daughter, Kim Kyong-hui, was born in 1946.
Kim married Kim Song-ae (1924–2014) in 1952, and it is believed that he had three children with her: Kim Yong Il (not to be confused with the former Premier of North Korea with the same name), Kim Kyong Il, and Kim Pyong Il. Kim Pyong-il was prominent in Korean politics until he became ambassador to Hungary. In 2015, Kim Pyong Il became the ambassador to the Czech Republic; he officially retired in 2019 and returned to North Korea.
Kim was reported to have had other children with women who he was not married to.[98] They included Kim Hyŏn-nam (born 1972, head of the Propaganda and Agitation Department of the Workers' Party since 2002).[99]
Awards
According to North Korean sources, Kim Il Sung had received 230 foreign orders, medals and titles from 70 countries since the 1940s until, and after, his death.
Legacy
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The official posthumous portrait of Kim Il Sung, often seen in public areas
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Kim depicted as the Sun on a propaganda mural. The given name Il-sung means 'become the Sun'. Likewise, his birthday is called "Day of the Sun".
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The original statue of Kim Il Sung on Mansudae Hill (1972–2012). The one of Kim Jong Il was added much later.
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A mural in Pyongyang of a young Kim Il Sung giving a speech
Kim Il Sung was revered as a godlike figure within North Korea during his lifetime, but his personality cult struggled to extend beyond the country's borders.
Kim Il Sung's image is prominent in places associated with public transportation, especially his posthumous portrait released in 1994, which hangs at every North Korean train station and airport.[110] It is also placed prominently near the border crossings between China and North Korea.[113] At the border outside of Yanji, South Korean tourists could pay the local Chinese residents for a picture taken against the scenery of North Korea beyond the Tumen River, with the portrait of Kim Il Sung looming large at the background.[114]
Thousands of gifts to Kim Il Sung from foreign leaders are housed in the International Friendship Exhibition.[115]
Kim Il Sung's birthday, "Day of the Sun", is celebrated every year as a public holiday in North Korea.[116] The associated April Spring Friendship Art Festival gathers hundreds of artists from all over the world.[117]
There is a Kim Il Sung Park, a Kim Il Sung Alley, and a Kim Il Sung monument in Damascus, Syria.[118]
Works
Kim Il Sung was the author of many works. According to North Korean sources, these amount to approximately 10,800 speeches, reports, books, treatises, and others.[119] Some, such as the 100-volume Complete Collection of Kim Il Sung's Works (김일성전집), are published by the Workers' Party of Korea Publishing House.[120] Shortly before his death, he published an eight-volume autobiography, With the Century.[37]: 26
According to official North Korean sources, Kim Il Sung was the original writer of many plays and operas.[121] One of these, a revolutionary theatrical opera called The Flower Girl, was adapted into a locally produced feature film in 1972.[122][123][124]: 178
See also
- List of international trips made by Kim Il Sung
- List of things named after Kim Il Sung
- "Song of General Kim Il Sung"
- Residences of North Korean leaders
- Communism in Korea
- Korean independence movement
Notes
- President of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly.
- President of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly.
- Chairman, was changed to "President". However, the Korean word 위원장, meaning "Chairman", was not replaced.[1]
- ^ Kim Il Sung is the English-language transcription used by the North Korean government. Kim Il-sung is another common transcription in English.
- ^ In this Korean name, the family name is Kim.
- ^ Korean: 김성주, also romanized as Kim Song Ju
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Further reading
- Baik Bong, "From Birth to Triumphant Return to Homeland", "From Building Democratic Korea to Chollima Flight", and "From Independent National Economy to 10-Point Political Programme".
- Blair, Clay, The Forgotten War: America in Korea, Naval Institute Press (2003). [ISBN missing]
- ISBN 978-1-932595-27-7.
- JSTOR 2642612
- NKIDP: Crisis and Confrontation on the Korean Peninsula: 1968–1969, A Critical Oral History
- Sudoplatov, Pavel Anatoli, Schecter, Jerrold L., and Schecter, Leona P., Special Tasks: The Memoirs of an Unwanted Witness – A Soviet Spymaster, Little Brown, Boston (1994). [ISBN missing]
- Szalontai, Balázs, Kim Il Sung in the Khrushchev Era: Soviet–DPRK Relations and the Roots of North Korean Despotism, 1953–1964. Stanford: Stanford University Press; Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press (2005). [ISBN missing]
External links
- Nicolae Ceausescu's visit to Pyongyang, North Korea, in 1971
- "Conversations with Kim Il Sung" at the Wilson Center Digital Archive
- Kim Il Sung at Curlie