Omar ibn Said

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Omar Ibn Said
Islamic scholar, author of slave narratives

Omar ibn Said (

Arabic-language
works on history and theology, including a short autobiography.

Biography

Omar ibn Said was born to a wealthy family in what would in a few years become the

Bladen County, North Carolina. Omar ibn Sa'id was also known as Uncle Moreau and Prince Omeroh.[2]

Although it is said that ibn Said converted to Christianity on December 3, 1820, his conversion to Christianity is disputed, as there are dedications to Muhammad written in his Bible, and a card dated 1857 on which he wrote Surat An-Nasr, a short surah (chapter in the Quran) which refers to the conversion of non-Muslims to Islam 'in multitudes.' The back of this card contains another person's handwriting in English misidentifying the surah as the Lord's Prayer and attesting to Omar's status as a good Christian.[7] Additionally, while others writing on Omar's behalf identified him as a Christian, his own autobiography and other writings offer more of an ambiguous position. In the autobiography, he still offers praise to Muhammad when describing his life in his own country; his references to "Jesus the Messiah" in fact parallel Quranic descriptions of Jesus (who is called المسيح‎ 'the Messiah' a total of eleven times in the Quran), and descriptions of Jesus as 'our master' (سيدنا‎ sayyidunā) employ the typical Islamic honorific for prophets and is not to be confused with Lord (ربّ‎ rabb); and description of Jesus as 'bringing grace and truth' (a reference to John 1:14) is equally appropriate to the conception of Jesus in Islam. It was most likely he stayed a Muslim his whole life, but was believed to have converted to Christianity by people at the time when simply, he loved Jesus, since he is considered a prophet in Islam. This was stated in his auto-biography.

Literary analysis of ibn Said's autobiography suggests that he wrote it for two audiences, the white literates who sought to exploit his conversion to Christianity and Muslim readers who would recognize Qur'anic literary devices and subtext and understand his position as a fellow Muslim using

Taqiya to hide his faith while living under persecution. In a letter written to Sheikh Hunter regarding the autobiography, he apologized for forgetting the "talk" of his homeland and ended the letter saying: "O my brothers, do not blame me," with the knowledge that Hunter would require Arabic-speaking translators to read the message. Scholar Basima Kamel Shaheen argues that Said's spiritual ambiguity may have been purposefully cultivated to impress upon a wide readership the injustices of slavery.[8]

Manuscripts

Qur'an, copied by Omar ibn Sa'id in a rudimentary Fulani script

Omar ibn Said authored fourteen manuscripts in

Qur'an, which states that only God has sovereignty over human beings.[10] The manuscript is the only known Arabic autobiography by a person enslaved in the United States. It was sold as part of a collection of Said's documents between private collectors and later acquired by the Library of Congress in 2017. It has since been treated for preservation and made available for viewing online.[11]

Most of Said's other work consisted of Islamic manuscripts in Arabic, including a handwritten copy of some short chapters (

Wilson Library at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. His Bible, a translation into Arabic published by a missionary society, which has notations in Arabic by Said, is part of the rare books collection at Davidson College.[12] Said also authored a letter in Arabic dated 1819 addressed to James Owen's brother, Major John Owen. It contains numerous Quranic references (including from the above-mentioned Surat Al-Mulk) and includes several geometric symbols and shapes which suggest to its possible esoteric intentions.[13] This letter is currently held at Andover Theological Seminary.[14]

Legacy

In 1991, a mosque in Fayetteville, North Carolina renamed itself Masjid Omar ibn Sayyid in his honor.[15]

The opera Omar, inspired by ibn Said and written by Rhiannon Giddens and Michael Abels, had its debut at the Sottile Theater during the Spoleto Festival USA in Charleston, South Carolina on May 27, 2022.[16][17] Omar won the Pulitzer Prize for Music on May 8, 2023.[18][19]

Gallery

  • Ambrotype portrait, c. 1855
    Ambrotype portrait, c. 1855
  • Photographic portrait, c. 1905
    Photographic portrait, c. 1905
  • Reverse of c. 1905 portrait
    Reverse of c. 1905 portrait

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Image 1 of The life of Omar ben Saeed, called Morro, a Fullah Slave in Fayetteville, N.C. Owned by Governor Owen". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieved 2023-04-27.
  2. ^ a b Said, Omar ibn (July 1925) [1831]. Jameson, John Franklin (ed.). "Autobiography of Omar ibn Sa'id, Slave in North Carolina, 1831". The American Historical Review. 30 (4): 787–795. Archived from the original on 2012-12-11. Retrieved 2022-06-01 – via University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
  3. ^ Parramore, Thomas (1979). Powell, William S. (ed.). "Omar ibn Said, b. 1770?". Dictionary of North Carolina Biography. University of North Carolina Press. Archived from the original on 2012-07-08. Retrieved 2022-06-01.
  4. ^ "NPS Ethnography: African American Heritage & Ethnography". National Park Service. Acculturation & Cultural Resistance. Archived from the original on 2022-06-01. Retrieved 2022-06-01.
  5. ^ McLaughlin, Eliott C. (2019-01-17). "Autobiography from 1831 provides rare, firsthand account of a Muslim slave in America". CNN. Archived from the original on 2022-06-01. Retrieved 2022-06-01.
  6. ^ "Enslaved and Freed African Muslims: Spiritual Wayfarers in the South and Lowcountry". Lowcountry Digital History Initiative. Omar Ibn Said (ca. 1770–1864). Archived from the original on 2022-06-01. Retrieved 2022-06-01 – via College of Charleston.
  7. ^ Horn, Patrick E. "Omar ibn Sa'id, African Muslim Enslaved in the Carolinas". University Library, University of North Carolina. Archived from the original on 2012-07-08. Retrieved 2022-06-01.
  8. OL 28800322M
    . Retrieved 2022-06-01.
  9. OL 16909197M. Retrieved 2022-06-01 – via Internet Archive
    .
  10. ^ Quran 67:1 (Translated by Pickthall). "Blessed is He in Whose hand is the Sovereignty, and He is Able to do all things."
  11. ^ "Only Known Surviving Muslim American Slave Autobiography Goes Online at the Library of Congress". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 2022-06-01. Retrieved 2022-06-01.
  12. ^ "Search Results for: Omar Ibn Sayyid". Davidson College Archives & Special Collections. Archived from the original on 2022-06-01. Retrieved 2022-06-01.
  13. doi:10.5617/jais.4572
    . Retrieved 2022-06-01.
  14. ^ Published in Allen Austin's African people that are Africans : A Sourcebook.
  15. ^ Ivins, Tammy (June 2007). "Omar ibn Sayyid". Davidson Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 2008-05-16. Retrieved 2022-06-01.
  16. ^ Cooper, Michael (2019-06-10). "Rhiannon Giddens Is Writing an Opera". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2022-05-22. Retrieved 2022-06-01.
  17. ^ "Omar". Spoleto Festival USA. Archived from the original on 2022-06-01. Retrieved 2022-06-01.
  18. ^ Barone, Joshua (2023-05-08). "Rhiannon Giddens and Michael Abels Win the Pulitzer Prize for Music". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2023-05-08. Retrieved 2023-05-09.
  19. ^ Ulaby, Neda; Gomez Sarmiento, Isabella (2023-05-08). "Here are the winners of the 2023 Pulitzer Prizes". NPR. Archived from the original on 2023-05-08. Retrieved 2023-05-09.

Further reading

External links

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