Ottoman–Bulgarian alliance
An Ottoman–Bulgarian (or Turco-Bulgarian) alliance was signed in
First World War, although at the time both the signatories were neutral.[1] The Minister of the Interior, Talaat Pasha, and President Halil Bey of the Chamber of Deputies signed the treaty on behalf of the Ottoman Empire (Turkey) and Prime Minister Vasil Radoslavov on behalf of the Kingdom of Bulgaria.[2] The Ottoman–Bulgarian alliance was probably a prerequisite for Bulgaria's joining the Central Powers after Turkey entered the war in November.[3]
The treaty of alliance had seven articles.Minister of War Enver Pasha on 2 August, the Bulgarian treaty was a more coherent and purposeful document.[5]
After the signing, the Ottomans continued to press for an expanded offensive alliance directed at
Sait Halim rejected the interpretation of the Ottoman–German alliance whereby Turkey was bound to go to war when Germany did. He ordered the government ministers to pursue negotiations in different directions: with Romania, Russia, Greece and France.[5] When negotiations for an anti-Russian alliance with Romania also failed, on 30 August the Ottomans suggested to their German allies that a Bulgarian alliance directed at Serbia and Greece was more feasible. The Germans objected, but the Ottomans sent a colonel to Sofia to begin negotiations with the Bulgarian general staff anyway.[2] Even after entering the war, the Ottomans did not make the Germans aware of the existence of their Bulgarian treaty until 17 December 1914;[5] and the Bulgarians did not actually agree to enter the war on the side of the Central Powers until the Convention of Sofia of 6 September 1915.[6]
Notes
- ^ Trumpener 1962, p. 370 n. 8.
- ^ a b Trumpener 1966, p. 185.
- ^ Erickson 2001, p. 19.
- ^ Silberstein 1970, p. 134.
- ^ a b c d e Erickson 2001, p. 31.
- ^ Silbersten 1967, pp. 61–69.
Sources
- Erickson, Edward J. (2001). Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
- Silberstein, Gerard E. (1967). "The Serbian Campaign of 1915: Its Diplomatic Background". American Historical Review. 73 (1): 51–69. JSTOR 1849028.
- Silberstein, Gerard E. (1970). The Troubled Alliance: German–Austrian Relations, 1914 to 1917. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.
- Trumpener, Ulrich (1962). "Turkey's Entry into World War I: An Assessment of Responsibilities". Journal of Modern History. 34 (4): 369–80. S2CID 153500703.
- Trumpener, Ulrich (1966). "Liman von Sanders and the German-Ottoman Alliance". Journal of Contemporary History. 1 (4): 179–92. S2CID 154099517.